At the turn of the twentieth century, the Jirim League witnessed a linguistic struggle between Manchu, Mongol, Chinese, Japanese, and Russian powers. The Qing Empire envisioned a trilingual educational system, with the aim of improving the Jirim Mongols’ ability to read Chinese, Manchu, and Mongolian. Through this policy, the Qing sought to transform loyal imperial subjects into modern patriotic nationals and incorporate them into an integrated and united China under a Manchu constitutional monarchy. The late Qing’s language policy and strategy for ruling the Mongols of Manchuria was an attempt to address the enduring multilingual legacies in Qing administration and people’s everyday life, growing local ethnic tensions, cross-boundary connections, imperial rivalries, and the rise of new ideas concerning nation, modern state, and international relations in East Asia. This book challenges the notion of Chinese language reform as a story of linear progression towards national monolingualism, highlights the power of multilingualism in Chinese nationalist discourse from a peripheral, non-Han Chinese perspective, and questions the extent to which national languages dominate the writing of history.
- Cover
- Front Matter
- Summary
- 1 Introduction
- 2 The Necessity and Challenges of Clinical Research Involving Children
- 3 Regulatory Framework for Protecting Child Participants in Research
- 4 Defining, Interpreting, and Applying Concepts of Risk and Benefit in Clinical Research Involving Children
- 5 Understanding and Agreeing to Children's Participation in Clinical Research
- 6 Payments Related to Children's Participation in Clinical Research
- 7 Regulatory Compliance, Accreditation, and Quality Improvement
- 8 Responsible Research Involving Children
- References
- Appendix A: Study Origins and Activities
- Appendix B: State Regulation of Medical Research with Children Adolescents: An Overview and Analysis
- Appendix C: Health Care Privacy and Conflict-of-Interest Regulations Relevant to Protection of Human Participants in Research
- Appendix D: Glossary, Acronyms, and Laws and Regulations
- Appendix E: Committee Biographical Statements
- Index
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