As the United States and the rest of the world face the unprecedented challenge of aging populations, this volume draws together for the first time state-of-the-art work from the emerging field of the demography of aging. The nine chapters, written by experts from a variety of disciplines, highlight data sources and research approaches, results, and proposed strategies on a topic with major policy implications for labor forces, economic well-being, health care, and the need for social and family supports.
- Demography of Aging
- Copyright
- Contributors
- Preface
- Contents
- 1 Introduction
- 2 The Formal Demography of Population Aging, Transfers, and the Economic Life Cycle
- INTRODUCTION
- SOME ANALYTICS OF AGING IN STABLE POPULATIONS
- The Rate of Growth Effect
- Fertility Change
- Mortality Change
- The Life-Cycle Effect, or Individual Aging
- THE ECONOMIC LIFE-CYCLE AND AGGREGATE CONSTRAINTS
- The Economic life-cycle
- Reallocation Across Age and Time
- The Economic Demography of Age Accounts
- Consumption and Labor Earnings
- Transfers
- Government Debt
- Credit
- Investment in Capital
- Budget Constraint for Flows
- Aggregate Wealth Accounting
- The Accounting Framework: Economic Hypotheses and Interpretations
- ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF POPULATION AGING DUE TO SLOW GROWTH
- The Economic Rate of Growth Effect
- The Impact of Aging Due to Slow Growth on Transfer Systems
- ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF POPULATION AGING DUE TO LOW MORTALITY
- Mortality Change and Life-Cycle Planning
- Mortality Decline, Consumption, and Earning: The Economic Life-Cycle Effect
- Mortality Decline and Transfers
- Mortality Decline and the Rate of Growth Effect
- CONCLUSION: RESEARCH DIRECTIONS
- Empirical Applications
- Methodological Research
- Behavioral Theory
- APPENDIX: HOUSEHOLDS
- REFERENCES
- 3 Retirement and Labor Force Behavior of the Elderly
- INTRODUCTION
- THE LABOR SUPPLY OF THE ELDERLY
- Labor Force Participation
- The United States
- Other Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Nations
- Part-Time Work
- The United States
- Other OECD Nations
- DETERMINANTS OF THE RETIREMENT DECISION
- The Early Survey Literature on Retirement
- The Early Econometric Literature
- The Modern Econometric Literature
- Accrual Patterns
- The Impact of Retirement Incentives on Behavior
- Exit Patterns from Career Jobs
- Uncertainty, Option Value, and Dynamic Programming Models
- Demand-Side Analysis
- Summary of the Retirement Literature
- Disability Benefits as a Means of Retirement
- Determinants of the Disability Retirement Decision
- Work Following Disability Denial
- Accommodating the Disabled
- Summary of the Disability Literature
- FUTURE TRENDS, AND RESEARCH AND DATA NEEDS
- Mandatory Retirement Provisions
- Social Security
- Employer Pensions
- Data Needs
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
- REFERENCES
- 4 Income, Wealth, and Intergenerational Economic Relations of the Aged
- INTRODUCTION
- ECONOMIC WELL-BEING: INCOME, POVERTY, AND CONSUMPTION
- Changes in U.S. Means and Medians
- Variation in Well-Being
- Poverty
- Near Poverty and Needs
- International Comparisons
- The Safety Net for the Elderly
- Summary
- WEALTH
- Wealth and Its Uses
- Data Quality
- Joint Distribution of Income and Wealth
- International Comparisons
- Summary
- INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSFERS
- Models of Transfers
- Economic Impact of Transfers on Households
- Summary
- TOMMORROW'S ELDERLY AND RESEARCH ISSUES
- REFERENCES
- 5 The Elderly and Their Kin: Patterns of Availability and Access
- INTRODUCTION
- KIN AVAILABILITY
- Conceptual Issues
- Inclusiveness of Measures
- Demographic Forces Underlying Kin Availability
- Empirical Issues
- Aggregate Measures of Kin Availability
- Measures Based on Individual-Level Data
- A Sample of Microdata Sources
- Selected Results from Microdata
- Models for Analyzing Kin Distributions
- Analytic Models
- Macrosimulation Models
- Microsimulation Models
- Issues in Modeling Kin Distributions
- LIVING ARRANGEMENTS
- Conceptual and Theoretical Issues
- Empirical Research on the Living Arrangements of the Elderly
- Data and Their Methodological Implications
- A Selective Survey of Findings Based on Microdata
- Assessment and Critique of Empirical Literature on Living Arrangements
- PROXIMITY
- Elderly Migration as a Means of Achieving Proximity to Kin
- Empirical Research on Parent-Child Proximity
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
- 6 Care of the Elderly: Division of Labor Among the Family, Market, and State
- INTRODUCTION
- SUBSTITUTIONS
- Substitution of Paid Providers for Family Care
- Substitution of Financial for Time Transfers
- CLOSING THE GAPS: FUTURE RESEARCH ON SUBSTITUTIONS
- REFERENCES
- 7 Medical Demography: Interaction of Disability Dynamics and Mortality
- COHORT ANALYSIS AND TIME-VARYING COVARIATES
- Macrolevel Models
- Microlevel Models
- DISEASE STAGES, NATURAL HISTORY, AND THE LIFE-CYCLE
- Dementia
- Heart Disease
- Nutritionally Related Disorders: Systemic Factors
- Immunologically Related Diseases: Interactions of Viral and Nutritional Factors
- Multiple Diseases, Host Factors, and Their Interactions at Late Ages
- DISABILITY AND MORTALITY
- GENETICS
- Models and Methods
- Examples of Genetic Analysis in Studying Chronic Disease and Aging
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
- 8 Socioeconomic Differences in Adult Mortality and Health Status
- INTRODUCTION
- SOCIOECONOMIC MEASURES
- RECENT EVIDENCE ON THE EXTENT OF SOCIOECONOMIC DIFFERENCES IN MORTALITY AND HEALTH STATUS
- SOURCES OF SOCIOECONOMIC DIFFERENTIALS IN MORTALITY AND HEALTH STATUS
- Economic Models
- Income/Wages/Education
- Prices of Health-Related Goods and Services
- Levels of Medical Knowledge and Technique
- Personal Endowments
- Environmental Factors
- Tastes
- Social-Psychological Approaches
- Empirical Studies
- SOURCES OF CHANGE IN SOCIOECONOMIC DIFFERENCES
- RACE, CLASS, AND HEALTH
- SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
- 9 Geographic Concentration, Migration, and Population Redistribution Among the Elderly
- PATTERNS OF GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION
- Patterns of Regional Concentration
- Patterns by Size and Type of Place
- POPULATION REDISTRIBUTION AND MIGRATION
- MIGRATION RESEARCH
- The Macrolevel of Explanation: Location-Specific Amenities and Their Interactions
- The Microlevel of Explanation: Individual and Household Characteristics and the life-cycle
- INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS
- Urban and Rural Patterns
- Developed Country Patterns
- KNOWLEDGE GAPS AND DATA NEEDS
- REFERENCES
- APPENDIX
- 10 Research on the Demography of Aging in Developing Countries
- INTRODUCTION
- BASIC DEMOGRAPHY
- MORTALITY AND HEALTH
- Mortality
- Disability and Morbidity
- Health Care Utilization and Costs
- FAMILY DEMOGRAPHY
- POPULATION DISTRIBUTION AND MIGRATION
- ECONOMIC ACTIVITY AND WELL-BEING
- Labor Force Participation and Retirement
- Economic Well-Being and Pensions
- DATA COLLECTION AND RESEARCH CHALLENGES
- APPENDIX
- Household Surveys
- Censuses
- Vital Statistics
- Ethnographic Studies and Other Qualitative Data Collection
- REFERENCES
- Appendix: Letter to Richard Suzman of the National Institute of Aging from the Committee on Population, March 2, 1993
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