This book analyzes the consequences of violence and strategies for controlling them. Included are reviews of public perceptions and reactions to violence; estimates of the costs; the commonalities and complementarities of criminal justice and public health responses; efforts to reduce violence through the prediction and classification of violent offenders; and the relationships between trends in violence and prison population during a period of greatly increased use of incarceration.
- Understanding and Preventing Violence
- Copyright
- Contents
- Foreword
- Public Perceptions and Reactions to Violent Offending and Victimization
- INTRODUCTION
- FEAR OF VICTIMIZATION
- CONCEPTUAL ISSUES
- MEASURING FEAR
- SURVEY RESEARCH ON FEAR
- OFFENSE-SPECIFIC FEAR
- SOCIAL DISTRIBUTION OF FEAR
- OTHER CORRELATES
- CUES TO DANGER
- Dangerous Places
- Dangerous Persons
- Other Cues
- FEAR AND PRIOR VICTIMIZATION
- CONSEQUENCES OF FEAR
- SURVEY DATA ON THE CONSEQUENCES OF FEAR
- COLLECTIVE RESPONSES
- FEAR IN BROADER CONTEXT
- SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON VIOLENCE
- NEWS COVERAGE OF CRIME
- CRITICISMS OF MEDIA NEWS COVERAGE
- CRIME AS ENTERTAINMENT
- EFFECTS OF MEDIA COMMUNICATIONS
- INTERPERSONAL DIFFUSION OF CRIME NEWS
- PERCEIVED SERIOUSNESS OF OFFENSES
- PUBLIC OPINION ON CRIMINAL JUSTICE
- NORMATIVE EVALUATIONS OF PUNISHMENT
- VICTIM, OFFENDER, AND RESPONDENT CHARACTERISTICS
- ETHNOPENOLOGIES
- PUBLIC CONFIDENCE IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
- FUTURE RESEARCH
- FEAR OF VICTIMIZATION
- OTHER ISSUES
- NOTE
- REFERENCES
- The Costs and Consequences of Violent Behavior in the United States
- INTRODUCTION
- IMPORTANCE OF ESTIMATING COSTS
- Comparison of Aggregate Crime Costs to Other Social Ills
- Comparison of Harm by Type of Victimization
- Benefit-Cost Analysis of Policy Options
- CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR ESTIMATING COSTS AND CONSEQUENCES
- MONETARY VERSUS NONMONETARY COSTS
- Interdependency of Cost Categories
- Offsetting Benefits of Victimization
- Efficient Versus Inefficient Costs
- Fixed, Average, and Marginal Costs
- Real Versus Opportunity Costs
- Victim Assistance and Other Cost-Reducing Costs
- Time Frame for Cost Estimation
- COSTS AND CONSEQUENCES OF VIOLENT BEHAVIOR
- Direct Consequences of Violent Behavior
- Society's Response to Violent Behavior
- Offender Costs
- COST OF CRIME AND INJURY LITERATURE
- Approaches to Measuring the Cost of Injury
- Cost of Crime Literature
- Cost of Injury Literature
- THE COST OF VIOLENT BEHAVIOR
- COST OF VICTIM TREATMENT AND OTHER DIRECT COSTS
- Medical Care
- Mental Health Care
- Monetary Losses to Victims: Cash and Property
- Indirect Monetary and Nonmonetary Losses
- EMERGENCY RESPONSE TO VICTIMIZATION
- Victim Services
- Police Response Administrative Costs
- Emergency Transport
- VICTIM PRODUCTIVITY COSTS
- PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION COSTS
- Health and Life Insurance Claims
- Income Transfer Programs
- Property Insurance Claims
- Legal Costs Associated With Tort Claims
- Pain, Suffering, and Quality of Life Costs for Nonfatal Victims
- Evidence Using the Compensation Approach
- Evidence Using Willingness to Pay
- RISK OF DEATH
- QUALITY OF LIFE OF FAMILY MEMBERS OF VICTIM
- Increased Work Load of Family Members
- Loss of Companionship/Consortium
- Psychological Injury to Family Member
- PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA TO WITNESSES OF VIOLENT BEHAVIOR
- INJURIES CAUSED BY EARLIER VICTIMS
- COST OF SOCIETY'S RESPONSE TO VIOLENT BEHAVIOR
- PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES AND FEAR OF CRIME
- Monetary Expenditures for Crime Prevention
- Crime Prevention Behavior
- Fear of Crime
- CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM COSTS
- Investigation, Prosecution, and Court-Related Costs
- Legal Fees Associated With Criminal Justice System
- Cost of Sanctions
- Victim and Witness Interaction With Criminal Justice System
- OTHER NONCRIMINAL JUSTICE PROGRAMS
- INCARCERATED OFFENDER COSTS
- COST OF "OVERDETERRENCE"
- COST OF "JUSTICE"
- OFFENDER COSTS
- SUMMARY OF COST ESTIMATES
- WHO PAYS FOR VICTIM INJURIES?
- SUMMARY OF RESULTS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- NOTES
- REFERENCES
- Violence and Intentional Injuries: Criminal Justice and Public Health Perspectives on an Urgent National Problem
- INTRODUCTION
- "CRIMINAL VIOLENCE" AND "INTENTIONAL INJURIES": DIFFERENT PERCEPTIONS OF A SHARED CONCERN
- THE COMMON CONCERN: INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE
- SIGNIFICANT ASPECTS OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE
- Criminal Justice Emphasis on the Offender
- Public Health Focus on the Victim
- PROBLEMS RELATED TO INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE
- Violence and "Nonviolent" Crimes
- Violence and Relationships
- TOWARD A SYNTHESIS
- ''INTENTIONS OF OFFENDERS" AND "RISK FACTORS FOR VIOLENCE": TWO DIFFERENT CAUSAL PARADIGMS
- CRIMINAL JUSTICE: THE INTENTIONS OF OFFENDERS
- PUBLIC HEALTH: AN EPIDEMIOLOGIC APPROACH
- Vectors, Hosts, and Environments
- Timing of Interventions
- Complex Sociological Prevention
- SOCIOLOGICAL AND CRIMINOLOGICAL ANALYSES
- Spatial and Temporal Location of Crimes
- Situational Analyses of Crime Causation
- Criminogenic Commodities
- DANGEROUS OFFENDERS AS VECTORS OF VIOLENCE
- WIDENING CRIMINAL JUSTICE CONCEPTIONS OF CAUSATION
- FAVORED POLICY APPROACHES
- REACTIVE VERSUS PREVENTIVE APPROACHES
- PREVENTIVE APPROACHES IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE
- Deterrence, Incapacitation, and Rehabilitation
- Juvenile Delinquency Prevention
- Controlling Criminogenic Commodities
- Situational Approaches to Crime Control
- PUBLIC HEALTH APPROACHES TO VIOLENCE PREVENTION
- Violence in the Context of Relations
- Innovative Approaches to Youth Violence
- Environmental Approaches to Prevention
- Cultural Approaches to Violence Prevention
- LAW VERSUS EDUCATION IN BEHAVIORAL APPROACHES
- TOWARD A SYNTHESIS
- RESOURCES: TROOPS, ANALYSTS, AND COMMUNITY LEADERS
- WHO HAS THE TROOPS?
- PUBLIC HEALTH CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE FIGHT
- KEY VALUES: JUSTICE VERSUS HEALTH
- NOTE
- REFERENCES
- Predicting Violent Behavior and Classifying Violent Offenders
- INTRODUCTION
- TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF PREDICTION AND CLASSIFICATION
- DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN PREDICTION AND CLASSIFICATION
- MEASURES OF QUALITY
- Validity
- Reliability
- Accuracy
- CLASSIFICATION AND PREDICTION METHODS
- Formal and Informal Methods
- Selection Bias
- Determining the Importance of Potential Predictive Factors
- CORRELATES AND CAUSES OF VIOLENCE
- CLASSIFICATION
- PURPOSES AND POPULATIONS CLASSIFIED
- TYPES OF CLASSIFICATION
- Psychological Tests—Rapid Assessments
- Psychological Tests—Multivariate Scaling Techniques
- Psychiatric Classifications
- Correctional Classification
- Clinical Predictions
- Official Record Data
- Self-Reports
- Epidemiologic Studies
- Observational Studies
- CONGRUENT FINDINGS ABOUT INDIVIDUALS CLASSIFIED AS VIOLENT PERSONS
- PREDICTION
- METHODOLOGICAL CRITIQUE
- Censoring Events
- Sample Selection Bias
- Statistical Limitations
- Efficient Use of Data
- PREDICTING VIOLENT BEHAVIOR
- Occurrence Models
- Rate of Violence Models
- ACCURACY OF PREDICTION
- SUMMARY OF OUR REVIEW OF THE PREDICTION OF VIOLENCE
- RESEARCH AGENDA
- POLICY IMPLICATIONS
- NOTES
- REFERENCES
- Incarceration and Violent Crime: 1965-1988
- DATA
- PRISON POPULATIONS
- FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO CHANGING INCARCERATION RATES
- CHANGES IN OFFENDING
- CHANGES IN SANCTION POLICIES
- Arrest Risk per Crime, qa
- Certainty and Severity of Imprisonment
- IDENTIFYING THE COMPONENTS OF CHANGE IN INCARCERATION RATES
- SUMMARY
- CRIME CONTROL EFFECTS OF INCARCERATION FOR VIOLENT CRIMES
- INCAPACITATION OF VIOLENT CRIMES
- Individual Offending Frequency
- Heterogeneity in Individual Offending Frequencies
- Career Length (L)
- Incapacitation Under Offender Heterogeneity and Finite Careers
- Remaining Sources of Bias in Incapacitation Estimates
- DETERRENCE AND INCAPACITATION
- Exploratory Estimates of Deterrence Effects
- Remaining Sources of Bias in Deterrence Estimates
- POLICY CHOICES IN EXPANDING INCARCERATION
- CONCLUSION
- NOTES
- REFERENCES
- Index
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