Growing Explanations

Historical Perspectives on Recent Science

Autor: Wise, M. Norton; Smith, Barbara Herrnstein; Weintraub, E. Roy; Galison, Peter; Dalmedico, Amy Dahan
Editor: Duke University Press
Colección: Science and Cultural Theory
ISBN: 9780822333074
eISBN Pdf: 9780822390084
Lugar de publicación: Durham , Estados Unidos
Año de publicación digital: 2004
Mes: Noviembre
Páginas: 360
DDC: 501
Idioma: Ingles

Descripción

For much of the twentieth century scientists sought to explain objects and processes by reducing them to their components—nuclei into protons and neutrons, proteins into amino acids, and so on—but over the past forty years there has been a marked turn toward explaining phenomena by building them up rather than breaking them down. This collection reflects on the history and significance of this turn toward “growing explanations” from the bottom up. The essays show how this strategy—based on a widespread appreciation for complexity even in apparently simple processes and on the capacity of computers to simulate such complexity—has played out in a broad array of sciences. They describe how scientists are reordering knowledge to emphasize growth, change, and contingency and, in so doing, are revealing even phenomena long considered elementary—like particles and genes—as emergent properties of dynamic processes.

Written by leading historians and philosophers of science, these essays examine the range of subjects, people, and goals involved in changing the character of scientific analysis over the last several decades. They highlight the alternatives that fields as diverse as string theory, fuzzy logic, artificial life, and immunology bring to the forms of explanation that have traditionally defined scientific modernity. A number of the essays deal with the mathematical and physical sciences, addressing concerns with hybridity and the materials of the everyday world. Other essays focus on the life sciences, where questions such as “What is life?” and “What is an organism?” are undergoing radical re-evaluation. Together these essays mark the contours of an ongoing revolution in scientific explanation.

Contributors. David Aubin, Amy Dahan Dalmedico, Richard Doyle, Claus Emmeche, Peter Galison, Stefan Helmreich, Ann Johnson, Evelyn Fox Keller, Ilana Löwy, Claude Rosental, Alfred Tauber

Contents
Introduction: dynamics all the way up
Part I: Mathematics, physics, and engineering
- Elementary Particles?
  - 1 Mirror symmetry: persons, values, and objects Peter Galison
- Nonlinear dynamics and chaos
  - 2 Chaos, disorder, and mixing: a new fin-de-siècle image of science?
  - 3 Forms of explanation in the catastrophe theory of René Thom: topology, morphogenesis, and structuralism
- Coping with complexity in technology
  - 4 From Boeing to Berkeley: civil engineers, the cold war, and the origins of finite element analysis
  - 5 Fuzzyfying the world: social practices of showing the properties of fuzzy logic
Part II: The organism, the self, and (artificial) life
- Self-Organization
  - 6 Marrying the premodern to the postmodern: computers and organisms after World War II
- Immunology
  - 7 Immunology and the enigma of selfhood
  - 8 Immunology and AIDS: growing explanations and developing instruments
- Artificial Life
  - 9 Artificial life support: some nodes in the Alife ribotype
  - 10 The word for world is computer: simulating second natures in artificial life
  - 11 Constructing and explaining emergence in artificial life: on paradigms, ontodefinitions, and general knowledge in biology
Afterword
Contributors
Index