After Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, the Soviet secret police, the NKVD, executed a staggering number of political prisoners in Western Ukraine-somewhere between 10,000 and 40,000-in the space of eight days, in one of the greatest atrocities perpetrated by the Soviet state. Yet the Great West Ukrainian Prison Massacre of 1941 is largely unknown. This sourcebook aims to change that, offering detailed scholarly analysis, eyewitness testimonies and profiles of known victims, and a selection of fiction, memoirs, and poetry that testifies to the lasting impact of the massacre in the collective memory of Ukrainians.
- Cover
- Table of Contents
- Acknowledgements
- Introduction
- The Literature on the Massacre
- The Death Toll
- The Impact of the Massacre
- The Ukrainian, Polish, and Jewish Dimensions
- Methodological Errors
- The Structure of the Sourcebook
- Biography
- Ivan Kiebuz (1905-1941)
- Bohdan Hevko (1914-1941)
- Scholarly Literature
- Subtelny, Orest, ‘The Soviet Occupation of Western Ukraine, 1939-41,’ in Ukraine during World War II: History and Its Aftermath, ed. Yury Boshyk (Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, 1986), 5-14.
- Zajączkowski, Janusz, Trudne sąsiedztwa: Polska i Ukraina a Rosja i Niemcy. 3, Druga wojna światowa (Difficult neighborhoods: Poland and Ukraine, and Russia and Germany: Vol. 3, Second World War) (Lublin: Werset, 2013), 117-19.
- Kyrychuk, Iu.A, ‘Radians′kyi teror 1939-1941 rr.’ (Soviet terror, 1939-1941), in Politychnyi teror i teroryzm v Ukraïni, XIX-XX st.: istorychni narysy (Political terror and terrorism in Ukraine, 19-20th centuries: Historical essays), ed. Volodymyr Lytvyn
- Gur′ianov, Aleksandr, and Aleksandr Kokurin, ‘Ėvakuatsiia tiurem’ (Evacuation of prisons), Karta: Rossiiskii nezavisimyi istoricheskii i pravozashchitnyi zhurnal (Riazan′) 6 (1994): 16-27.
- Gross, Jan T., Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland’s Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988), 179, 180, 181, 182, 185.
- Gorlanov, O.A., and A.B. Roginskii, ‘Ob arestakh v zapadnykh oblastiakh Belorussii i Ukrainy v 1939-1941 gg.’ (About the arrests in the western oblasts of Belarus and Ukraine in 1939-1941), in Repressii protiv poliakov i pol′skikh grazhdan (Repressions of
- Hryciuk, Grzegorz, ‘Victims 1939-1941: The Soviet Repressions in Eastern Poland,’ in Shared History – Divided Memory: Jews and Others in Soviet-Occupied Poland, ed. Elazar Barkan, Elisabeth A. Cole, and Kai Struve (Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag Gm
- Snyder, Timothy, Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin (New York: Basic Books, 2010), 194-96.
- Berkhoff, Karel C., Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine under Nazi Rule (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2004), 13-16.
- Romaniv, Oleh, and Inna Fedushchak, ‘Tiuremna vakkhanaliia agonizuiuchoho rezhymu’ (Prison orgy of a dying regime), in Zakhidnoukraïns′ka trahediia 1941 (The Western Ukrainian tragedy, 1941) (L′viv: Naukove t-vo im. Shevchenka, 2002), 54-55, 57-63.
- Derev’ianyi, Ihor, ‘Masovi rozstrily u v’iaznytsi No. 1 m. L′vova v kintsi chervnia 1941 roku’ (Mass shootings in Prison No. 1, L′viv, at the end of June 1941), Ukraïns′kyi vyzvol′nyi rukh 13 (2009): 91-94, 95, 96, 97, 98-99, 101, 102.
- Chmielowiec, Piotr, ‘Zbrodnie sowieckie na więźniach w czerwcu 1941 r. – Dobromil, Lacko’ (Soviet crimes against prisoners in June 1941 – Dobromyl′, Lacko), in Kresy Południowo-wschodnie Rzeczypospolitej pod okupacją sowiecką 1939-1941, ed. Piotr Chmielow
- Zhyv’iuk, Andrii, ‘Mizh evakuatsiieiu i “dotsil′nym rozstrilom”: dolia v’iazniv tiurem Rivnenshchyny na pochatku Nimets′ko-radians′koï viiny’ (Between evacuation and “expedient shooting”: The fate of NKVD prisoners in the Rivne region at the start of the
- Musial, Bogdan, ‘Konterrevolutionäre Elemente sind zu erschießen’: Die Brutalisierung des deutsch-sowjetischen Krieges im Sommer 1941 (‘Counterrevolutionary elements are to be shot’: The brutalization of the German-Soviet war in the summer of 1941) (Berli
- Barkan, Elazar, Elizabeth Cole, and Kai Struve, ‘Introduction,’ in Shared History – Divided Memory: Jews and Others in Soviet-Occupied Poland, 1939-1941, ed. Elazar Barkan, Elizabeth A. Cole, and Kai Struve (Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag GmbH, 200
- Wnuk, Rafał, ‘Za pierwszego Sowieta’: polska konspiracja na Kresach Wschodnich II Rzeczypospolitej (wrzesień 1939-czerwiec 1941) (‘Under the first Soviet’: Polish conspiracy in the Eastern Borderlands of the Second Republic (September 1939-June 1941)) (W
- Wysocki, Artur, Zderzenie kultur: Polskość i sowieckość na ziemiach wschodnich Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w latach 1939-1941 we wspomnieniach Polaków (The collision of cultures: Polishness and Sovietness in the eastern lands of the Polish Republic in 1939-
- Mędykowski, Witold, W cieniu gigantów: pogromy 1941 r. w byłej sowieckiej strefie okupacyjnej: kontekst historyczny, społeczny i kulturowy (In the shadow of giants: The pogroms of 1941 in the former Soviet zone of occupation: The historical, social, and c
- Mick, Christoph, ‘Incompatible Experiences: Poles, Ukrainians and Jews in Lviv under Soviet and German Occupation, 1939-44,’ Journal of Contemporary History 46, no. 2 (April 2011): 338-40, 340-55.
- Himka, John-Paul, ‘Ethnicity and the Reporting of Mass Murder: Krakivs′ki visti, the NKVD Murders of 1941, and the Vinnytsia Exhumation,’ in Shatterzone of Empires: Coexistence and Violence in the German, Habsburg, Russian, and Ottoman Borderlands, ed. Om
- Redlich, Shimon, Together and Apart in Brzezany: Poles, Jews, and Ukrainians, 1919-1945 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002), 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 104-7.
- Wróbel, Piotr, ‘Polish-Ukrainian Relations during World War II: The Boryslav Case Study: A Polish Perspective,’ East European Politics and Societies 26, no. 1 (February 2012): 219-26.
- Soviet, German, Polish, and British Documents
- Summary report by Chief of the People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs NKVD, Ukrainian SSR, Vasilii Timofeevich Sergienko, on NKVD operations to combat criminal elements in the western oblasts of Soviet Ukraine (January-May 1941). In Roman Shukhevych u
- Directive by People’s Commissar of State Security, Vsevolod Nikolaevich Merkulov, on security operations to be carried out in connection with the outbreak of war with Germany (22 June 1941). In Kyïv u dni natsysts′koï navaly: za dokumentamy radians′kykh s
- Directive by People’s Commissar of Internal Affairs NKVD, Lavrentii Pavlovich Beria, and Prosecutor-General of the Soviet Union, Viktor Mikhailovich Bochkov, on prison operations (22 June 1941). In Organy gosudarstvennoi bezopasnosti SSSR v Velikoi oteche
- Order by People’s Commissar of State Security, Vsevolod Nikolaevich Merkulov, on the evacuation and/or execution of prisoners (23 June 1941). In V.N. Merkulov, ‘Predlozhenie NKGB No. 2445/M,’ 23 June 1941, Z arkhiviv VUChK, HPU, NKVD, KHB 1 (1994): 192.
- Report by Chief of the L′viv oblast′ NKVD Prison Department, Lieutenant Iosif Rafailovich Lerman, to Chief of L′viv oblast′ NKVD, Captain Nikolai Alekseevich Diatlov, on the status of prisoners in L′viv (24 June 1941). In Zolochivshchyna: mynule i suchasn
- Special report on the situation of prisons in Volyn′, Rivne, Ternopil′, L′viv, and Chernivtsi oblasts by Chief of NKVD Prison Department, Ukrainian SSR, Andrei Filippovich Filippov (28 June 1941). In Represyvno-karal′na systema v Ukraïni 1917-1953: suspil
- Operational situation report USSR no. 10 by the Chief of the Security Police and the SD (2 July 1941). In Die ‘Ereignismeldungen UdSSR’ 1941: Dokumente der Einsatzgruppen in der Sowjetunion, ed. Klaus-Michael Mallmann, Andrej Angrick, Jürgen Matthäus, and
- Proposal by Deputy of People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs NKVD, Vasilii Vasil′evich Chernyshov, and Chief of Prisons Directorate, People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs NKVD, Mikhail Ivanovich Nikol′skii, to People’s Commissar of Internal Affairs
- Memorandum on the evacuation of prisons in the western oblasts of the Soviet Union by Chief of NKVD Prison Department, Ukrainian SSR, Andrei Filippovich Filippov, to Chief of the People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs NKVD, Ukrainian SSR, Vasilii Timof
- Memorandum on the execution of prisoners in Berezhany, Ternopil′ oblast′, to Chief of NKVD Prison Department, Ukrainian SSR, Andrei Filippovich Filippov (8 July 1941). In Represyvno-karal′na systema v Ukraïni 1917-1953: suspil′no-politychnyi ta istoryko-p
- Telegram from the Polish Ambassador in Madrid, Marian Szumlakowski, to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Polish Government-in-Exile, on the reports of the shooting of prisoners by the NKVD in L′viv, Dubno, and Luts′k (8 July 1941). In Polskie dokumen
- Letter regarding the massacre of prisoners in Brygidki prison, L′viv, from the British Ambassador to the Soviet Union, Richard Stafford Cripps, to the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Union, Viacheslav Molotov (11 July 1941). Foreign Policy Archi
- Reply from the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Union, Viacheslav Molotov, to the British Ambassador to the Soviet Union, Richard Stafford Cripps (12 July 1941). Foreign Policy Archives of the Russian Federation (AVP RF), fond 6 (The Molotov fond
- Telegram to the British Foreign Office from the Ambassador to the Soviet Union, Richard Stafford Cripps, concerning the massacre of prisoners in Brygidki prison, L′viv (14 July 1941). The National Archives, Foreign Office: Political Departments: General C
- Telegram from the Deputy Head of the Central Department, British Foreign Office, Roger Mellor Makins, to the counselor to the Polish Embassy in London, Władysław W. Kulski, concerning the massacre of prisoners in Brygidki prison, L′viv (15 July 1941). The
- Report on the evacuation, release, and/or execution of prisoners in the western oblasts of Soviet Ukraine. In Represyvno-karal′na systema v Ukraïni 1917-1953: suspil′no-politychnyi ta istoryko-pravovyi analiz: u dvokh knyhakh, ed. Ivan Bilas, vol. 2 (Kyïv
- Operational situation report USSR no. 24 by the Chief of the Security Police and the SD (16 July 1941). In Die ‘Ereignismeldungen UdSSR’ 1941: Dokumente der Einsatzgruppen in der Sowjetunion, ed. Klaus-Michael Mallmann, Andrej Angrick, Jürgen Matthäus, an
- Letter by the counselor to the Polish Embassy in London, Władysław W. Kulski, to the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Polish Government-in-Exile, August Zaleski, regarding his conversation with William Strang of the Foreign Office on the Soviet-British
- Operational situation report USSR no. 28 by the Chief of the Security Police and the SD (20 July 1941). In Die ‘Ereignismeldungen UdSSR’ 1941: Dokumente der Einsatzgruppen in der Sowjetunion, ed. Klaus-Michael Mallmann, Andrej Angrick, Jürgen Matthäus, an
- Letter from the counselor of the British Embassy to the Polish Government-in-Exile, Frank Savery, to Frank Kenyon Roberts, Central Department, Foreign Office, on Professor Olgierd Górka’s assessment of the prison massacre in L′viv, and the population’s re
- Report by the Chief of the Volyn′ oblast′ NKVD Prison Department to the Deputy Chief of Prisons Directorate, People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs NKVD, Demekhin (3 September 1941). In Represyvno-karal′na systema v Ukraïni 1917-1953: suspil′no-polityc
- Report by the Deputy Chief of the NKVD prison administration, captain of the KGB of the Soviet Union, Viktor Aleksandrovich Volkhonskii, on the outcome of the evacuation of prisoners from Soviet Ukraine (22 January 1942). In NKVD-MVD SSSR v bor′be s bandi
- Newspaper Reports
- ‘Les atrocités bolchevik’ (Bolshevik atrocities), Le Matin (Paris) (3 July 1941): 3.
- Steinkopf, Alvin J., ‘First Eyewitness Story from the Russian Front,’ New York World-Telegram (5 July 1941).
- ‘Ukraïns′ki hekatomby’ (Ukrainian hecatombs), Ukraïns′ki shchodenni visty (L′viv) (5 July 1941): 3.
- ‘Lwów w walkach niemiecko-rosyjskich’ (L′viv in German-Russian battles), Nowy świat (New York City) (7 July 1941).
- Svahnström, Bertil, ‘Skörden oskadad i del erövrade Ukraina’ (Harvest in conquered Ukraine not affected), Stockholms-Tidningen (7 July 1941): 4.
- Oven, Wilhelm von, ‘Die Sowjethölle von Lemberg, satanische Greuel an Tausenden von Ukrainern’ (The Soviet hell of L′viv, satanic horror for thousands of Ukrainians), Völkischer Beobachter (Munich) (7 July 1941).
- Steinkopf, Alvin J., ‘Hundreds Shot in Lwow,’ New York Post (7 July 1941): 1, 9.
- ‘Both Nazis and Reds Issue Charges of War Atrocities,’ Daily Mirror (New York City) (7 July 1941): 3.
- ‘An Eye for an Eye …,’ PM (New York City) (7 July 1941): 6.
- ‘Die Hölle von Lemberg’ (The hell of L′viv), Die Tat (Zürich) (8 July 1941): 2.
- ‘Lliut′ krov bezboronnykh’ (They spill the blood of the defenseless), Svoboda (Jersey City, NJ) (9 July 1941): 2.
- ‘Retreating Reds Massacre Ukrainians,’ The Ukrainian Weekly (Jersey City, NJ) (11 July 1941): 1.
- ‘Na ocherednoi press-konferentsii inostrannykh korrespondentov’ (At the regular press conference for foreign correspondents), Pravda (Moscow) (14 July 1941): 3.
- Excerpt. Mykola Holubets′, Letter to Fedir Dudko, Krakivs′ki visti (24 July 1941): 3.
- ‘Cripps Says It’s a Hun Lie,’ Daily Mirror (London) (28 July 1941): 5.
- ‘Zveri na ulitsakh L′vova’ (Beasts in the streets of L′viv), Pravda (Moscow) (9 August 1941): 2.
- ‘Nazi Invaders Murder Over 6,000 Civilians,’ The Mail (Adelaide, South Australia) (9 August 1941): 3.
- ‘Many Victims of Soviet Terror in Western Ukraine Identified,’ The Ukrainian Weekly (Jersey City, NJ) (2 September 1941): 1.
- Survivors’ and Eyewitness Accounts
- L′VIV
- ‘Testimony of Bohdan Kolzaniwsky, through the interpreter, Roman Olesnicki,’ in United States Congress, House Select Committee on Communist Aggression, Investigation of Communist Takeover and Occupation of the Non-Russian Nations of the U.S.S.R. (Washingt
- Shkvarko, V., Proklynaiu: z shchodennyka ukraïns′koho politv’iaznia (I curse them: From the diary of a Ukrainian political prisoner) (Munich: Dniprova khvylia, 1953), 203-7.
- Mrs. A.K. testified as follows. In ‘Eye-witnesses Speak …: Testimonies on the Massacres by the Bolsheviks i.e. by the Soviet Russian NKVD, of Ukrainian Political Prisoners in June 1941, and during Later Evacuations,’ The Ukrainian Review 7, no. 2 (Summer
- Bohdan Shtyha recounted. In Oleksa Horbach, Shliakh zi skhodu na zakhid: spohady (The path from east to west: A memoir) (L′viv: Instytut ukraïnoznavstva im. I. Kryp’iakevycha NAN Ukraïny, 1998), 30-32.
- Witness J.M. testifies. In ‘Eye-witnesses Speak …: Testimonies on the Massacres by the Bolsheviks i.e. by the Soviet Russian NKVD, of Ukrainian Political Prisoners in June 1941, and during Later Evacuations,’ The Ukrainian Review 7, no. 2 (Summer 1960): 2
- Eyewitness T.D. testifies. In ‘Eye-witnesses Speak …: Testimonies on the Massacres by the Bolsheviks i.e. by the Soviet Russian NKVD, of Ukrainian Political Prisoners in June 1941, and during Later Evacuations,’ The Ukrainian Review 7, no. 2 (Summer 1960)
- Iakhnenko, Natalia, Vid biura do Brygidok: trokhy spohadiv z 1939-1941 rokiv, L′viv (From the office to Brygidky: Some memories from the years 1939-1941 in L′viv) (Munich, 1986), 233-37.
- Zygmunt Cybulski (Brygidky). In Krzysztof Popiński, Aleksandr Kokurin, and Aleksandr Gurjanow, Drogi śmierci: ewakuacja więzień sowieckich z Kresów Wschodnich II Rzeczypospolitej w czerwcu i lipcu 1941 (Warsaw: Karta, 1995), 49-51.
- Stefania Kowicka (née Iszkowska). In Dzieci Kresów, ed. Lucyna Kulińska, vol. 3 (Kraków: Wydawn. Jagiellonia, 2009), 184-85.
- Yones, Eliyahu, Die Strasse nach Lemberg: Zwangsarbeit und Widerstand in Ostgalizien 1941-1944 (The road to Lviv: Forced labor and resistance in eastern Galicia, 1941-1944) (Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, 1999), 18-25.
- Deposition of Dr. Saeltzer. In Alfred M. de Zayas and Walter Rabus, Die Wehrmacht-Untersuchungsstelle: Deutsche Ermittlungen über alliierte Völkerrechtsverletzungen im Zweiten Weltkrieg (Munich: Universitas-Verlag, Langen Müller, 1980), 335-36.
- Deposition of Lieutenant Walter Lemmer. In Alfred M. de Zayas and Walter Rabus, Die Wehrmacht-Untersuchungsstelle: Deutsche Ermittlungen über alliierte Völkerrechtsverletzungen im Zweiten Weltkrieg (Munich: Universitas-Verlag, Langen Müller, 1980), 337-39
- Adam Jaz. In Lwowskie pod okupacją sowiecką, 1939-1941, ed. Tomasz Bereza (Rzeszów: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, 2006), 158.
- Allerhand, Maurycy, and Leszek Allerhand, Zapiski z tamtego świata (Notes from another world) (Kraków: Wydawnictwo Edukacyjne, 2003), 37-38.
- Kessler, Edmund, Przeżyć Holokaust we Lwowie (Surviving the Holocaust in L′viv) (Warsaw: Żydowski Instytut Historyczny, 2007), 31-41.
- BEREZHANY
- M.L. (England). In Shliakh peremohy (Munich) (10 July 1960).
- B.S. (England). In Shliakh peremohy (Munich) (8 May 1960).
- BIBRKA
- Witnesses K.F. (England) and S.D. (England). In Russian Oppression in Ukraine: Reports and Documents (London: Ukrainian Publishers, 1962), 188.
- V[olodymyr] R[ozhii] testified. In O. Romanivs′kyi, Rozdil z khroniky odnoho halyts′koho sela (Chapter from the history of one Galician village) (Toronto: Nakl. Hurta kolyshnikh meshkantsiv sela Romanova, 1960), 23-25.
- BORYSLAV
- A Jewish eyewitness described the scene. In Bogdan Musial, ‘Konterrevolutionäre Elemente sind zu erschießen’: Die Brutalisierung des deutsch-sowjetischen Krieges im Sommer 1941 (Berlin: Propyläen, 2001), 163-64.
- Jasiński, Alfred, ‘Borysławska apokalipsa’ (Boryslav apocalypse), Karta 4 (April 1991): 111-14.
- BUS′K
- Szubartowicz, Ludomił, ‘Wspomnienia z Buska (Pażdziernik 1992)’ (Memories of Bus′k (October 1992)), in Dzieci Kresów, ed. Lucyna Kulińska, vol. 4 (Kraków: Towarzystwo Milosników Lwowa i Kresów Poludniowo Wschodnich, 2013), 68-71.
- CHORTKIV
- Witness Dibrova testifies. In Russian Oppression in Ukraine: Reports and Documents (London: Ukrainian Publishers, 1962), 188-89.
- Anelia Ivanivna Sukhodol′s′ka. In Oleksandra Ivantsiv, ‘Zhyttia zhinku ne zhaliie’ (Life does not spare the woman), Slovo kraiu: hazeta Chortkivshchyny (31 August 2011).
- DOBROMYL′
- M.A. (3 August 1941), the bloody massacre in Dobromyl′. In Oleh Romaniv and Inna Fedushchak, Zakhidnoukraïns′ka trahediia 1941 (L′viv; New York: Naukove t-vo im. Shevchenka, 2002), 288-89.
- Testimony of Ievstahiia Ivanovych Pysaryk, former driver for Salina, the Dobromyl′ salt mine, and a resident of the city of Dobromyl′. In Oleh Romaniv and Inna Fedushchak, Zakhidnoukraïns′ka trahediia 1941 (L′viv; New York: Naukove t-vo im. Shevchenka, 20
- Tadeusz Pstrąg remembers. In Lucjan Fac, ‘Mord w Dobromilu’ (Murder in Dobromyl′), in Szkice z dziejów dawnego Przemyśla i ziemi przemyskiej (Przemyśl: Przemyskie Centrum Kultury i Nauki ZAMEK, 2012), 430.
- DROHOBYCH
- Female witness M.F. (now in the Federal Republic of Germany) reports. In Russian Oppression in Ukraine: Reports and Documents (London: Ukrainian Publishers, 1962), 189.
- A.O. (Germany) In Shliakh peremohy (Munich) (3 July 1960).
- DUBNO
- Kreshchenko, Valentyna, Velykden′ u v’iaznytsi (spomyny politv’iaznia) (Easter in prison (Memoirs of a political prisoner)) (Dubno: Prosvita, 1997), 19-22.
- Hon′chuk, Oleksandr Danylovych, ‘Za myt′ do rozstrilu’ (A moment before death by shooting), in Iz krynytsi pechali: zbirnyk spohadiv ta dokumentiv, ed. Ievhen Shmorhun et al., vol. 4 (Rivne: Azaliia, 1997), 54-55.
- KAM’IANKA-STRUMYLOVA
- Testimony of Kateryna Fedorivna Korots′. In Knyha pam’iati ‘Iz zabuttia – v bezsmertia’ (Kam’ianka Buz′ka, 2004), 3-4, 22.
- LOPATYN
- Witness V.L. … reports. In Russian Oppression in Ukraine: Reports and Documents (London: Ukrainian Publishers, 1962), 189.
- LUTS′K
- S.D. (Germany). In Shliakh peremohy (Munich) (5 June 1960).
- Wojciech Podgórski (Łuck). In Krzysztof Popiński, Aleksandr Kokurin, and Aleksandr Gurjanow, Drogi śmierci: ewakuacja więzień sowieckich z Kresów Wschodnich II Rzeczypospolitej w czerwcu i lipcu 1941 (Warsaw: Karta, 1995), 56-59.
- Kudelia, Mykola, ‘Podibnoho ne bachyv Luts′k’ (Luts′k has not seen anything of the sort), Zona 10 (1995): 98-100.
- NADVIRNA
- H.G. and Y.K., now in England, testify; witness, Father M.K. (at present in America) and female witness M. S. (now in England) report. In Russian Oppression in Ukraine: Reports and Documents (London: Ukrainian Publishers, 1962), 190-91.
- PEREMYSHLIANY
- Witness, N.N., now in England, testifies, and witness M.D. (now in the Federal Republic of Germany) reports. In Russian Oppression in Ukraine: Reports and Documents (London: Ukrainian Publishers, 1962), 192-93.
- PIDBUZH
- Testimony of Ivan Panteleimonovych Chaplia, a peasant from the village of Nahuievychi, Drohobych raion, Lviv oblast (recorded in 1991). In Volodymyr Hons′kyi Liudyna i natsiia: chas voïniv (Kyïv: Osnova, 2012), 77-8.
- SAMBIR
- The witness Eugen Rudyy (now in the USA) already testified before the U.S. Congress Kersten Committee on October 12, 1954, and his testimony was published in Record No. 37, pp. 150-51. In Russian Oppression in Ukraine: Reports and Documents (London: Ukrai
- Memoirs of Mykhailo Dziapko. In Holos Lemkivshchyny (June 1966).
- Leopold Lerch (Sambor). In Krzysztof Popiński, Aleksandr Kokurin, and Aleksandr Gurjanow, Drogi śmierci: ewakuacja więzień sowieckich z Kresów Wschodnich II Rzeczypospolitej w czerwcu i lipcu 1941 (Warsaw: Karta, 1995), 59-61.
- STANYSLAVIV (IVANO-FRANKIVS′K)
- Mr. Mykola K., now living in Austria, testifies. In Russian Oppression in Ukraine: Reports and Documents (London: Ukrainian Publishers, 1962), 193-94.
- STRYI
- Mr. Y. Stryysky testifies. In Russian Oppression in Ukraine: Reports and Documents (London: Ukrainian Publishers, 1962), 194.
- Reynolds, John Lawrence, Leaving Home: The Remarkable Life of Peter Jacyk (Vancouver: Figure 1 Publishing, 2013), 3-6.
- Drix, Samuel, Witness to Annihilation: Surviving the Holocaust: A Memoir (Washington, DC; London: Brassey’s, 1994), 19-20.
- Stanislaw Flach (Stryj). In Krzysztof Popiński, Aleksandr Kokurin, and Aleksandr Gurjanow, Drogi śmierci: ewakuacja więzień sowieckich z Kresów Wschodnich II Rzeczypospolitej w czerwcu i lipcu 1941 (Warsaw: Karta, 1995), 61-62.
- TERNOPIL′
- Blicharski, Czesław E., ‘Masakra więźniów w Tarnopolu (The prison massacre in Ternopil′),’ in Czesław E. Blicharski, Tarnopolanie na starym ojców szlaku (Gliwice: W. Wiliński, 1994), 203-4.
- Ostroz′kyi, R., ‘Spomyn zhakhlyvoho zlochynu’ (Remembering a heinous crime), in Shliakhamy zolotoho Podillia: Ternopil′shchyna i Skalatshchyna, ed. Roman Mykolaievych et al., vol. 3 (Philadelphia: Ternopil Regional Society, 1983), 115-17.
- TURKA
- Zeifert, Y.M., ‘Stories of the Great Misfortune,’ in Memorial Book of the Community of Turka on the Stryj and Vicinity, ed. J. Siegelman et al. and trans. Jerrold Landau (Tel Aviv, 1966), pp. 228-30, http://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/turka/tur221.html.
- ZALISHCHYKY
- N.K. (Germany). In Shliakh peremohy (Munich) (3 July 1960).
- ‘Chomu stohne Dnister?’ (Why does the Dniester River groan?), in Nestor Myzak, Za tebe, sviata Ukraïno, vol. 3 (Chernivtsi: Bukovyna, 2002), 65-67.
- ZHOVKVA
- T.P. (Germany). In Shliakh peremohy (Munich) (7 February 1960).
- ZOLOCHIV
- I. Rubizhnyi (England). In Shliakh peremohy (Munich) (29 May 1960).
- Petelycky, Stefan, Into Auschwitz, for Ukraine (Kingston, ON: Kashtan Press, 1999), 11-13.
- Mikłaszewski, Bolesław, ‘Wspomnienia z kresowego dzieciństwa’ (Memories of childhood in the Eastern Borderlands), in Dzieci Kresów, ed. Lucyna Kulińska, vol. 4 (Kraków: Towarzystwo Milosników Lwowa i Kresów Poludniowo Wschodnich, 2013), 120-21.
- Tennenbaum, Samuel Lipa, Zloczow Memoir (New York: Shengold Publishers, 1986), 173-79.
- Brehm, Bruno, Aus der Reitschul!: ein autobiographischer Roman, 2nd ed. (Graz: L. Stocker, 1976), 290.
- Supplementary Material
- Biographies
- Glossary
- Acknowledgments of Copyrights and Sources
- Works Cited
- Index
- List of Illustrations
- Figure 1 – Map
- Figure 2 – [L′viv, July 1941]
- Figure 3 – [L′viv, July 1941]
- Figure 4 – [L′viv, July 1941]
- Figure 5 – [L′viv, July 1941]
- Figure 6 – [L′viv, July 1941]
- Figure 7 – [L′viv, July 1941]
- Figure 8 – Foreign journalists at a mass grave for the murdered victims, July 1941
- Figure 9 – Bodies of prisoners killed by the NKVD in the Brygidki prison, July 1941
- Figure 10 – Bodies of prisoners killed by the Soviets before their retreat from the city, July 1941
- Figure 11 – Local people looking for the bodies of their relatives in the yard of an NKVD prison on Lonts′kyi Street (ulica Łąckiego), where the bodies were found, July 1941
- Figure 12 – Inhabitants of L′viv among corpses trying to identify members of their families killed by the NKVD at the prison on Lonts′kyi Street (ulica Łąckiego), July 1941
- Figure 13 – L′viv: Bodies of victims of the NKVD in the prison yard on Lonts′kyi Street (ulica Łąckiego), July 1941
- Figure 14 – Victims of the NKVD massacre at the prison on Zamarstyniv Street, July 1941
- Figure 15 – Prison on Zamarstyniv Street. Relatives of victims of the NKVD massacre at the prison on Zamarstyniv Street, July 1941
- Figure 16 – Exhumation and burial of victims of the NKVD massacre at the prison on Zamarstyniv Street, July 1941
- Figure 17 – The corpses of individuals murdered by the NKVD in the courtyard of a L′viv city prison
- Figure 18 – The corpses of prisoners (lawyer Roman Kul′chyts′kyi pictured in foreground) executed by the NKVD at the prison in Bibrka, June 1941
- Figure 19 – The corpses of prisoners executed by the NKVD at the prison in Bibrka, June 1941
- Figure 20 – Bodies of prisoners killed by the NKVD in Boryslav, 1941
- Figure 21 – Exhumation of prisoners bodies who were murdered by the NKVD prior to the retreat of the Soviets from the area, summer of 1941
- Figure 22 – German soldiers looking at corpses of prisoners killed by the NKVD, July 1941
- Figure 23 – Leonid Perfets′kyi, ‘The Execution of Ukrainian Peasants by NKVD Agents’
- Figure 24 Leonid Perfets′kyi, ‘Interrogation at the NKVD’
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