A History of Discriminated Buraku Communities in Japan

A History of Discriminated Buraku Communities in Japan

  • Author: Nobuaki, Teraki; Midori, Kurokawa; Neary, Ian
  • Publisher: Amsterdam University Press
  • eISBN Pdf: 9781898823971
  • Place of publication:  Amsterdam , Netherlands
  • Year of digital publication: 2019
  • Month: June
  • Pages: 224
  • Language: English
At the heart of modern Japan there remains an intractable and divisive social problem with its roots in pre-history, namely the ongoing social discrimination against the D?wa communities, otherwise known as Buraku. Their marginalization and isolation within society as a whole remains a veiled yet contested issue. Buraku studies, once largely ignored within Japan’s academia and by scholarly publishers, have developed considerably in the first decades of the twenty-first century, as the extensive bibliographies of both Japanese and English sources provided here clearly demonstrates. The authors of the present study published in Japanese in 2016 and translated here by the Oxford scholar Ian Neary, have been able to incorporate this most recent data. Because of its importance as the first Buraku history based on this new research, a wider readership was always the authors’ principal focus. Yet, it also provides a valuable source book for further study by those wishing to develop their knowledge about the subject from an informed base. This history of the Buraku communities and their antecedents is the first such study to be published in English.
  • Cover
  • Half Title
  • Title
  • Copyright
  • Contents
  • List of Figures
  • Translator’s Preface
  • Foreword
  • Part I
    • Chapter 1: The Establishment of the Japanese State and the Formation and Transformation of Status Discrimination
      • Status in the smal states of pre-history
      • Status in the Yamatai state
      • The creation of the Yamato state and the formation of clans and ranks
    • Chapter 2: The Formation of the Ritsuryō State Structure and the Status System
      • The Formation of the Ritsuryō structure
      • The creation of a senmin system beneath the status system of the ritsuryō structures.
      • Senmin in the ritsuryō system
      • The disruption and dismantling of the Ritsuryō status system
      • The role played by immigrants and their social position
      • Strategies and attitudes to those living on the islands to the North, the North-east and the South
      • The strengthening of discrimination based on ideas of pollution in the Heian period
      • The Origins of Occupational Discrimination against Butchers and Leather Workers
    • Chapter 3: Formation and Development of Society in the Middle Ages and the Lifestyle and Culture of Discriminated People
      • The structure and development of society in the Middle Ages
      • Features of the status system of the Middle Ages
      • The Formation and Living Conditions of the eta – kiyome, saiku, kawaramono – in the early Middle Ages
      • The hinin of the early Middle Ages and their way of life
      • Sanjo and their lives in the early Middle Ages
      • The transformation of society in the Middle Ages
      • The Work and Livelihood of the kawaramono: etta , kiyome and saiku in the late middle ages
      • The work of hinin, sanjo (shōmoji) and their lives in the late middle ages.
      • Kawata in the era of Warring States (Sengoku Jidai)
    • Chapter 4: The Establishment of Kawata and Chōri Status – the Buraku of the early modern period
      • The Rule of the Toyotomi, the early Tokugawa regime and the kawata /chōri
      • The Bakuhan structure of rule and the status system
      • The Formation of the kawata and chōri – the Buraku of the early modern period
      • The Reality of the Status Regulations of the Edo Period
      • Control of Discriminated People and the Discrimination Policy of the Feudal Lords in the Early Edo Period
      • Occupations of the Kawata and Chōri in the Early Edo Period
      • The Responsibilities of Kawata and Chōri in the early Edo period
    • Chapter 5: Discriminated Groups of the Early Modern Period
      • The formation of hinin status groups and their responsibilities
      • Other Discriminated Groups
    • Chapter 6: The Development of Early Modern (Kinsei) Society and Discriminated People
      • Social trends in the mid-Edo period and the discriminatory policies used by the Bakufu authorities and feudal lords to control discriminated groups
      • The Occupations of the Kawata and Chōri in the mid Edo period
      • The Social Context of Discriminated People in the mid Edo Period
      • Religion and the Kawata /Chōri in the mid-Edo period
    • Chapter 7: The Dislocation and Collapse of Early Modern Society and Discriminated People
      • Social trends in late-Edo Japan and discriminated people
      • Changes in the Occupations of the Kawata and Chōri in the later Edo period
      • Demographic Change Among the Discriminated Communities and its Impact
      • The Struggles of Discriminated Groups and the Development of Emancipatory Thought
      • Discriminated People and Social Change on the Verge ofthe Restoration – the eve of the liberation edict
  • Part II
    • Chapter 8: What was the ‘Buraku’ problem in the modern period?
      • Starting with questioning society
      • Buraku – Discriminated Buraku – Dōwa districts
      • The boundaries that replaced status
      • The start of the modern Buraku problem – the Liberation Edict
      • The debate in the Kōgisho
      • Promotion by the Minbushō and the Treasury
    • Chapter 9: Signs of Discrimination Invented
      • The maintenance of ‘old customs’
      • Rejection of Discrimination by the ‘Japanese Enlightenment’
      • The Freedom and People’s Rights Movement and the Buraku Problem
      • New ‘signifiers’ – hotbeds of poverty, filth and disease
      • The look that says ‘different’
    • Chapter 10: Discriminated Buraku are ‘Discovered’
      • Excluded from the new village system
      • The barrier of the ie family system that impeded (and impedes) marriage
      • Ōkura Tōrō’s Biwako (Song of Biwa ).
      • How ‘one’s origins’ stand in the way – from Hakai
      • Sweeping away signs of discrimination
      • The Start of Buraku Improvement Policies
      • The ‘race’ line
    • Chapter 11: Seeking Unification of the Empire
      • Racism and Moral Training
      • From ‘Special Buraku’ to ‘Buraku of Poor People’
      • The Formation of the Yamato Dōshikai – the creation of subjects by promoting enterprise
      • Constructing an Origins Theory for ‘Harmonious Reconciliation’
      • Formation of the Imperial Way Society
      • New Lands – movement and migration
      • The inversion of ends and means – Yamato Dōshikai and Imperial Way Society
      • ‘The Enlightenment of Ordinary Buraku People’
    • Chapter 12: Rice Riots and Racial Equality
      • Emergence of the Rice Riots
      • A focus of repression
      • Images of the rioters and ‘special people’
      • ‘Compassionate Conciliation’
      • The Demand for Abolition of Racial Discrimination and Discrimination against Burakumin
      • The crushing of the racial origin theories
      • The creation of the Dōaikai
    • Chapter 13: Liberation by Our Own Efforts
      • Investigating ‘self awareness’
      • The Swallow Association (Tsubamekai) – seeking a discrimination free society
      • Recovery of Pride – the formation of the National Suiheisha
      • The Suiheisha Declaration
      • Experiences of Discrimination Mount Up
      • Women of the Buraku – patience and submission
      • The Formation of the Women’s Suiheisha
      • The Hyongpyongsa and Kaiheisha
    • Chapter 14: Liberation or Conciliation?
      • Aiming for Socialism
      • Reactions to the Suiheisha – the Serada village incident
      • The ‘same’ proletarian class?
      • Stubborn Defence of ‘Buraku’ consciousness
      • From the Central Social Project Council Regional Improvement Division to the Central Conciliation Project Council
      • A moral movement or an economic movement?
    • Chapter 15: ‘National Unity’ and its Contradictions
      • Economic problems rise to the surface
      • Suiheisha Dissolution Theory and its Modification
      • Joining the Nation
      • The onset of total war in China and the war time collaboration of the Suiheisha
      • The Subordination of ‘National Unity’ to the ‘Building of a Greater East Asia’
      • The Start of Yūwa Education
      • The Implications of Race – minzoku
      • Discrimination as unpatriotic activity
      • The IRAA and the Formation of the Dōwa Hōkōkai
      • ‘Resource Regulation Projects’ and Migration to Manchuria
      • The extinction of the Dōwa movement
    • Chapter 16: Post-war Reforms and the Re-launch of the Buraku Liberation Movement
      • The Formation of the Buraku National Liberation Committee[BNLC]
      • Against the Emperor System
      • ‘As long as there are aristocrats there will be outcastes’
      • Discriminated Buraku Get Left Behind
      • Requesting a National Policy – the formation of the BLL
      • Women Rise Up
      • Creation of the National Dōwa Education Research Association
    • Chapter 17: Making Citizens: Becoming Citizens
      • Making Citizens
      • Acknowledging the State’s Responsibility – the Dōtaishin
      • New Limits
      • The Sayama Incident
      • The BLL Grows and Broadens
      • The ‘aley’ swindle – the tree country and root country
    • Chapter 18: Absorption and Exclusion into‘Civil Society’
      • Dōwa Policy – the re-examination of the BLL
      • What are ‘Burakumin’?
      • Talking of ‘Pride’
      • Minority Group Solidarity
      • From Dōwa to Human Rights – the end of the Special Measures Law
    • Chapter 19: Looking at the Buraku Problem Now
      • Recent Opinion Poll Data
      • Retrograde Step or Negation?
      • Looking at ‘Civil Society’
      • Acquiring an Understanding of Universal Human Rights
  • Afterword
  • Bibliography
  • Index
  • Back Cover

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