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The Rise of the Ni‘matull.h. Order

The Rise of the Ni‘matull.h. Order

Shi'ite Sufi Masters against Islamic Fundamentalism in 19th-Century Persia

  • Author: Tabandeh, Reza
  • Publisher: Leiden University Press
  • Serie: Iranian Studies Series
  • ISBN: 9789087283674
  • eISBN Pdf: 9789400604124
  • Place of publication:  Holland , Netherlands
  • Year of digital publication: 2021
  • Month: March
  • Pages: 322
  • DDC: 297.4/8095509034
  • Language: English
Sufi mysticism’s surprising revival in nineteenth-century Shi‘ite Persia.

Islamic mysticism experienced a remarkable revival in nineteenth-century fundamentalist Persia. Sparked by the return of the Sufi master Ma‘um Ali Shah from India, the Ni‘matullāhī  Order rapidly spread throughout the region amid fierce opposition from Shi‘te clerics. Rise of the Ni‘matullāhī  Order charts the movement’s unlikely rise across three generations of Sufi masters. Reza Tabandeh demonstrates how Ma‘um Ali Shah, Majdhub Ali Shah, and Mast Ali Shah sustained the revival by reinterpreting classical Sufi teachings for a Shi‘ite context.
 
  • Cover
  • Table of Contents
  • Acknowledgements
  • System of Transliteration
  • Chapter One. Introduction: 19th-Century Persian Sufism in its Shiʿite Milieu
    • The Rise of the Safavids and the Establishment of Shi’ism in Iran
    • The Rise of the Qājār Dynasty
      • The Political Milieu
      • The Religious Milieu
      • The Literary and Intellectual Milieu
      • The Mystical Milieu: The Sufis and Their Orders
      • The Niʿmatullāhī Order
      • The Dhahabī Order
      • The Naqshbandī Order
      • The Qādirī Order
      • The Ahl-i Ḥaqq Order
  • Chapter Two. Jurists and Sufis from the Mongols to the Qājārs
    • Sufism in Mongol Iran
      • Theosophical Sufism
    • The Jurist-Sufi Conflict in Timurid and Turkemen Persia
    • Shi‘ism and Sufism in Safavid Iran
    • The Suppression of the Sufi Orders under the Safavids
      • The Importation of Shiʿite Clerics from Lebanon
      • Qalandars and Libertinism
      • The Qizilbāsh and the Safavid Monarchs
      • The School of Isfahan
      • Clerical Opposition to Sufism in Safavid Persia
    • Sufism and Clerical Shi‘ism during the Afsharids and the Zands
      • The Afsharid Dynasty (1148-1163/1736-1796)
      • Karīm Khān Zand
      • ʿAlī Murād Khān (r. 1195-1199/1781-1785)
    • The Jurist-Sufi Conflict in Qājār Iran: Āqā Muḥammad Khān (r. 1195-1211/1782-1798)
    • Conclusion
  • Chapter Three. The Niʿmatullāhī Order from Maʿṣūm ʿAlī Shāh to Muẓaffar ʿAlī Shāh
    • Introduction
    • The Niʿmatullāhī Persian Sufi Order and Maʿṣūm ʿAlī Shāh
      • Shiraz and Karīm Khān Zand
      • Isfahan and ʿAlī Murād Khān
      • Tehran, Kirmān, Mashhad and Hirāt
      • Najaf, Karbalā and Kirmānshāh
      • From Popular Mysticism to Elitist Sufism
    • The Anti-Sufi Movement of the Shiʿite Uṣūlī Scholars
    • The Niʿmatullāhī Sufi Order and Nūr ʿAlī Shāh
    • The Niʿmatullāhī Sufi Order and Muẓaffar ʿAlī Shāh
    • Conclusion
  • Chapter Four. The Life and Works of Ḥusayn ʿAlī Shāh
    • The Socio-Political Situation of Sufism in Early 19th-Century Persia
    • Religious Opposition to Sufism in Early 19th-Century Persia
    • Ḥusayn ʿAlī Shāh: Preacher and Mystic
    • Ḥusayn ʿAlī Shāh and the Polemics of Henry Martyn
    • Henry Martyn (1781-1812 C.E.)
      • Henry Martyn’s Confrontation with Shiʿite Clerics
      • Refutations (jawābīyya) of Henry Martyn’s tracts
    • Mullā Muḥammad Riḍā Hamadānī
    • Mīrzā Abū al-Qāsim (Sukūt)
    • Alī Nūrī (d. 1245/1830)
    • Mullā Aḥmad Narāqī (d. 1245/1829)
    • Abū al-Qāsim Qumī (d. 1231/1816)
    • Ḥusayn ʿAlī Shāh’s Response to Martyn (1248/1833)
      • The Unity of Religions
      • Miracles
      • The Qur’ān as Miracle
      • Islamic Canon Law
      • Shiʿism
      • Intercession (shifā‘at) in Christianity and Shiʿism
      • The ‘People of the Book’
    • Conclusion
  • Chapter Five. The Life and Works of Majdhūb ʿAlī Shāh
    • Introduction
    • The Life of Majdhūb ʿAlī Shāh
    • Imitation (taqlīd)
    • The ‘Divine Faculty’ (quwwa qudsīyya)
    • Dhikr
      • Vocal Dhikr (dhikr-i jalī) vs. Silent Dhikr (dhikr-i khafī)
      • Dhikr with Permission (dhikr ba ijāza)
    • Majdhūb’s Views about Shiʿite Extremism (ghuluww)
    • Contemplative Vigilance (murāqaba)
    • The Spiritual Heart (qalb)
    • The Unity of Being (waḥdat al-wujūd)
    • Heterodox and Orthodox Theories of the waḥdat al-wujūd
    • The Heterodox School of the Unity of Being
    • The Orthodox School of the Unity of Being
      • Intuitive Philosophy (dhawq-i ta’aluh)
    • The Theory of Theophany (tajallī)
    • Two Types of Theophany
    • The Theory of Divine Light
    • Spiritual Disclosure (kashf)
    • Creation
    • The Spiritual Leaders: The Shiʿite Imāms
    • The Gnostics (‘urafā’)
    • Annihilation and Subsistence (fanā’ and baqā’)
    • Muslim Sects and Heretical Sufism
    • Shiʿism
      • Shiʿite Heretics
      • Shiʿite Sufism
    • Sunni Sufism
    • Heretical Sufism
    • Incarnationism (ḥulūl) and Unificationism (ittiḥād)
    • Nuqṭawīyya
    • Wāṣilīyya (Mystics United with God)
    • ‘Ushshāqīyya (The Lovers)
    • Tanāsukhīyya (Transmigration and Reincarnation)
    • Conclusion
  • Chapter Six. The Life and Works of Mast ʿAlī Shāh
    • Introduction
    • The Works of Mast ʿAlī Shāh
      • Disclosure of Gnosis (Kashf al-ma‘ārif)
      • The Meadow of Travel (Rīyāḍ al-Sīyāḥa)
      • The Walled Garden of Travel (Ḥadā’iq al-Sīyāḥa)
      • The Garden of Travel (Bustān al-Sīyāḥa)
    • Mast ʿAlī Shāh’s Mystical Theology and Sufism
    • Mast ʿAlī Shāh’s Views on Shiʿism
      • Uṣūlīs and Akhbārīs
    • Sufi Apologetics
    • The Unity of Being (waḥdat al-wujūd)
    • The Perfect Man (insān-i kāmil)
    • Sainthood (wilāyat) and Prophethood (nubuwwat)
    • Divine Unity (tawḥīd)
    • Vision of God (ru’yā allah)
    • Knowledge (ʿilm)
    • The Divine Faculty (quwwa qudsīyya)
    • Imitation (taqlīd)
    • The Spiritual Path (ṭarīqat)
    • Master and Guide
    • The Muslims and the Faithful (mu’min)
    • The Tried and Tested Faithful Believer (mu’min mumtaḥan)
    • Authentic Sufis (ṣūfīyya ḥaqqa)
    • The School of Illumination (ishrāq)
    • Intuitive Philosophy (dhawq-i ta’aluh)
    • Sufism and Pseudo-Sufism
    • Imitators of Sufis (mutishabihān)
    • Upright Sufi Lookalikes (mutishabihāni muḥiq) resume
    • The False Sufi lookalikes (mutishabihān-i mubṭil)
    • The Naqshbandī Order
    • Mast Ali Shāh and Jurist-Sufi Conflict in Qājār Iran
    • Conclusion
  • Chapter Seven. Conclusion: Ni‘matullahī Shiʿite Sufism in Qājār Persia
    • Ḥusayn ʿAlī Shāh’s Intellectual Contribution to the Niʿmatullāhī Order
    • Majdhūb ʿAlī Shāh’s Intellectual Contribution to the Defence of Sufism
    • Mast ʿAlī Shāh’s Intellectual Contribution to the Defence of Sufism
    • Ḥusayn ʿAlī Shāh, Majdhūb ʿAlī Shāh and Mast ʿAlī Shāh and Their Battle with Islamic Fundamentalists
  • Afterword
  • Notes
  • Bibliography
  • Index

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