In this sweeping social history Dorceta E. Taylor examines the emergence and rise of the multifaceted U.S. conservation movement from the mid-nineteenth to the early twentieth century. She shows how race, class, and gender influenced every aspect of the movement, including the establishment of parks; campaigns to protect wild game, birds, and fish; forest conservation; outdoor recreation; and the movement's links to nineteenth-century ideologies. Initially led by white urban elites—whose early efforts discriminated against the lower class and were often tied up with slavery and the appropriation of Native lands—the movement benefited from contributions to policy making, knowledge about the environment, and activism by the poor and working class, people of color, women, and Native Americans. Far-ranging and nuanced, The Rise of the American Conservation Movement comprehensively documents the movement's competing motivations, conflicts, problematic practices, and achievements in new ways.
- Cover
- Contents
- Acknowledgements
- 1. A Rare category of artefacts
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Theories on Romanization
- 1.3 Lived religion
- 1.4 The life path of statuettes
- 1.5 Distribution and use
- 1.6 The dataset
- 1.7 The areas north and south of the Rhine and the Dutch part of the Roman limes zone
- 1.8 Definition of terms
- 1.9 Structure of the text
- 2. Catalogue and description of find-spots
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 The area north of the Rhine
- 2.2.1 Imported goods: evidence of trade or diplomatic gifts?
- 2.2.2 Friesland and Groningen: the northern coastal area
- 2.2.3 North Holland: the northwestern coastal area
- 2.2.4 Drenthe, Overijssel and the northern part of Gelderland: the northeast
- 2.3 The area south of the Rhine: Gallia Belgica and Germania Inferior
- 2.3.1 Theories on post-conquest settlement development in Lower Germany
- 2.3.2 South Holland and Zeeland
- 2.3.3 Utrecht
- 2.3.4 Southern Gelderland
- 2.3.5 North Brabant and Limburg
- 2.4 The Dutch part of the Roman limes zone
- 2.4.1 The forts and associated settlements on the left bank of the Rhine
- 2.4.2 The forts and associated settlements on the North Sea coast
- 2.5 Conclusions
- 3. Spatial and iconographic analysis
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Written sources and the archaeological evidence
- 3.3 Deities, human figures and animals
- 3.4 The area north of the Rhine
- 3.4.1 Spatial analysis: a relation between size and function
- 3.5 Iconographic analysis
- 3.5.1 The iconography of the Mars and Mercury statuettes
- 3.5.2 The Isis-Venus figurines from Houwerzijl
- 3.5.3 Jupiter-Sabazius?
- 3.5.4 A bronze mother goddess north of the Rhine?
- 3.5.5 Mounted warriors
- 3.5.6 The warrior from Ezinge
- 3.5.7 A male figurine from Wirdum
- 3.5.8 Domestic animals
- 3.5.9 The bear from Wirdum
- 3.6 Conclusions on the area north of the Rhine
- 3.7 The area south of the Rhine: spatial analysis
- 3.7.1 The rural settlements
- 3.7.2 The urban settlements
- 3.7.3 The limes zone
- 3.7.4 The cemeteries
- 3.7.5 Cemeteries: a relation between find-context and material
- 3.8 The area south of the Rhine: iconographic analysis
- 3.8.1 A relation between material and subject
- 3.8.2 Interpretatio and creolisation
- 3.8.3 The iconography of the Hercules statuettes
- 3.8.4 The iconography of Hercules Magusanus
- 3.8.5 The veneration of Hercules Magusanus
- 3.8.6 Two controversial dedications
- 3.8.7 Venus and water nymphs
- 3.8.8 The iconography of mother goddesses
- 3.8.9 Venerated as mother goddesses
- 3.8.10 A horse-riding acrobat
- 3.8.11 Jupiter-Ammon in Ulpia Noviomagus
- 3.8.12 A mysterious lady from Vechten
- 3.8.13 Minerva or a gladiator?
- 3.8.14 The thorn-puller
- 3.8.15 The power of being different
- 3.8.16 ‘Exotic’ representations
- 3.8.17 Animals with a mission
- 3.8.18 Ithyphallic dogs
- 3.8.19 Triple-horned bulls
- 3.8.20 Horned birds
- 3.9 Conclusions on the area south of the Rhine
- 4. Rituals with statuettes
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Introduction
- 4.2.1 A long history
- 4.2.2 Categories of ritual deposits
- 4.2.3 A secondary use of appliques
- 4.2.4 Deposits related to crafts?
- 4.2.5 A comparison with British datasets
- 4.2.6 Placating the gods: in anticipation or afterwards?
- 4.3 Deposition of statuette fragments and deliberate fragmentation
- 4.3.1 Broken statuettes in the Neolithic and Bronze Age
- 4.3.2 A healing ritual with female figurines in Egypt
- 4.3.3 The Roman period: deliberate fragmentation in Belgium
- 4.3.4 Deposition of statuette fragments in the Netherlands
- 4.3.5 Deposition of bronze caducei
- 4.4 Magical practices with figurines
- 4.5 Conclusions
- 5. Summary and conclusions
- Discussion and suggestions for further research
- Abbreviations
- Bibliography
- List of maps, figures and drawings
- Figures
- Tables
Text
Audio
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