Coastal farming and ocean ranching of marine fish, shellfish, crustaceans, and seaweed are a major and growing industry worldwide. In the United States, freshwater aquaculture is rapidly becoming a significant commercial activity; however, marine aquaculture has lagged behind.
This book examines the obstacles to developing marine aquaculture in the United States and offers specific recommendations for technology and policy strategies to encourage this industry. The volume provides a wealth of information on the status of marine aquaculture—including comparisons between U.S. and foreign approaches to policy and technology and of the diverse species under culture.
Marine Aquaculture also describes problems of coordination of regulatory policy among various federal, state, and local government agencies and escalating competition for the use of coastal waters. It addresses environmental concerns and suggests engineering and research strategies for alleviating negative impacts from marine aquaculture operations.
- Marine Aquaculture
- Copyright
- Preface
- BACKGROUND
- SCOPE OF THE STUDY
- STUDY METHOD
- ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- Contents
- Executive Summary
- CONCLUSIONS
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- Advances in Technology and Engineering—A Marine Aquaculture Initiative
- Federal Agency Actions
- U.S. Department of Agriculture
- Joint Subcommittee on Aquaculture
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Marine Fisheries Service
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Sea Grant College Program
- Congressional Action
- Completion of the Federal Policy Framework for Marine Aquaculture
- Revision of Laws That Impede the Development of Marine Aquaculture
- Creation of a Congressional Committee or Subcommittee on Aquaculture
- CONCLUSION
- NOTE
- 1 Introduction
- WORLD/U.S. AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION
- THE NATIONAL INTEREST IN MARINE AQUACULTURE
- PROBLEMS AND CONSTRAINTS
- REFERENCES
- 2 Status of Aquaculture
- AN OVERVIEW OF AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES WORLDWIDE
- STATUS OF U.S. MARINE AQUACULTURE
- Mollusks
- Oysters
- Clams
- Scallops
- Mussels
- Crustaceans
- Shellfish Opportunities
- Finfish
- Salmon
- Red Drum
- Other Marine Finfish
- Algae
- Macroscopic Algae (Seaweeds)
- Unicellular Algae (Phytoplankton)
- MARINE FISHERIES ENHANCEMENT
- ECONOMIC ISSUES
- Regulatory-Permitting Costs
- Capital Costs
- Operating Costs
- Marketing Factors
- Foreign Competition and Trade
- NOTES
- REFERENCES
- 3 Policy Issues
- THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AND MARINE AQUACULTURE
- The ''Aquaculture" Side of Marine Aquaculture: The Federal Government as Promoter
- Federal Legislation to Promote Aquaculture
- Current Federal Activities to Promote Marine Aquaculture
- Summary: Status of Federal Promotional Policy
- The "Marine" Side of Marine Aquaculture: The Federal Role in Planning and Regulating Coastal Commons
- Ocean and Coastal Zone Legislation
- Assessment of Ocean and Coastal Policies
- International and Interstate Trade Policies
- International Trade Issues
- Interstate Trade Issues
- Economic Policies
- Consumer Policies
- FISHERIES ENHANCEMENT CONCERNS AND POLICY ISSUES
- THE STATES AND MARINE AQUACULTURE
- Assessment of State Policies
- MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK FOR MARINE AQUACULTURE
- Coastal Zone Management Act
- Management of Offshore Activities
- SUMMARY OF POLICY ISSUES AND OPTIONS
- Lack of National Leadership/Insufficient Promotion Efforts
- Lack of a Solid Place in Coastal and Ocean Management Framework
- Position of U.S.-Owned Operations Internationally and Foreign Ownership of Enterprises in the United States
- Diversity of State Regulations
- Fisheries Enhancement
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
- 4 Environmental Issues
- ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF MARINE AQUACULTURE
- Introduction
- Aquatic Plants
- Shellfish
- Shrimp
- Finfish
- Impacts From Waste
- Water Quality
- Plankton
- Benthos
- Regulation of Discharges
- Managing Wastes and Effluents
- Impacts From Introduction of Nonindigenous Species
- Genetic Impacts
- Disease Transfer
- Regulation of Fish Movement
- Impacts of Feed Additives
- ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS OF MARINE AQUACULTURE
- Mollusks
- Finfish and Shrimp
- RESOLVING ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
- REFERENCES
- 5 Engineering and Research
- ROLE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN ADDRESSING MAJOR CONSTRAINTS
- Economic Feasibility
- Marketing and Product Information
- Institutional and Regulatory Issues
- Environmental Issues
- Socioeconomic Issues
- INTERDISCIPLINARY SYSTEMS DESIGN
- Auxiliary Systems for Fish Culture
- Hatchery Systems
- Feed and Feeding Systems
- Waste Treatment Systems
- Sensors and Monitoring Systems
- Expert Systems
- Production Grow-out Systems
- Nearshore Systems
- Onshore Systems
- Offshore Systems
- Harvest and Postharvest Technology
- Harvest
- Preprocessing
- Processing and Packaging
- Transport to Market
- OTHER RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING OPPORTUNITIES
- Marine Fisheries Enhancement
- Broodstock Domestication
- Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
- Production of Improved Strains
- Disease Assessment and Treatment
- Disease Diagnosis
- Therapeutics
- SUMMARY
- NOTE
- REFERENCES
- 6 Information Exchange, Technology Transfer, and Education
- OVERVIEW
- INFORMATION EXCHANGE
- TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
- EDUCATION
- MARINE AQUACULTURE TECHNOLOGY CENTERS
- SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
- 7 Conclusions and Recommendations
- CONCLUSIONS
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- Advances in Technology and Engineering—A Marine Aquaculture Initiative
- Federal Agency Responsibilities and Actions
- U.S. Department of Agriculture
- Joint Subcommittee on Aquaculture
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Marine Fisheries Service
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Sea Grant College Program
- Congressional Action
- Completion of Federal Policy Framework for Marine Aquaculture
- Revision of Laws That Impede Development of Marine Aquaculture
- Creation of a Congressional Committee or Subcommittee on Aquaculture
- CONCLUSION
- Bibliography
- Appendix A Review of World Aquaculture
- MAJOR WORLD AQUACULTURE PRODUCTS
- Finfish Culture
- Crustacean Culture
- Mollusk Culture
- Seaweed Culture
- Economics of World Aquaculture
- MARINE AQUACULTURE PRACTICES AND POLICIES
- ROLE OF GOVERNMENT
- STATUS OF MARINE AQUACULTURE BY REGION
- Asia
- Northern Europe
- Central and Southern Europe
- Canada
- Latin America
- INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS
- EXAMPLES OF AQUACULTURE POLICY IN OTHER NATIONS
- Canada
- Norway
- Status
- Legislation
- Implications for the United States
- The United Kingdom
- Status
- Legislation
- Planning
- Financial Assistance
- Outlook
- Implications for the United States
- REFERENCES
- Appendix B Freshwater Aquaculture in the United States
- OVERVIEW OF PRODUCTION
- Catfish
- Crayfish
- Trout/Salmon
- Bait and Ornamental Fish
- Alligators
- Hybrid Striped Bass
- Tilapia
- Macrobrachium
- Sturgeon
- REFERENCES
- Appendix C Federal Marine Aquaculture Policy
- UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
- USDA Regional Aquaculture Centers
- NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION
- National Marine Fisheries Service
- National Sea Grant College Program
- FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
- NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION
- REFERENCES
- Appendix D Sociocultural Aspects of Domestic Marine Aquaculture
- INTRODUCTION
- SCOPE AND METHODS
- MARINE AQUACULTURE PROMOTION AS AN EXAMPLE OF PLANNED CHANGE
- Understanding Adoption of Marine Aquaculture as an Enterprise
- Identifying Consumer Attitudes and Refining Marketing Strategies
- Identifying Unintentional and Long-Range Social Impacts
- ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
- Oyster Growing in the State of Washington
- Salmon Ranching in Alaska
- Baitfish, Trout, and Yellow Perch in the Great Lakes
- Texas Shrimp Farming
- Soft-Shell Crabs in Mid- and South Atlantic
- Salmon and Mussels in Maine
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- NOTES
- REFERENCES
- Appendix E Committee Member Biographies
- Appendix F Participants in Special Sessions
- INVITED GUESTS, COMMITTEE MEETING IN DAVIS, CALIFORNIA, MARCH 1990
- WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY MEETING, HALIFAX, NOVA SCOTIA, JUNE 1990
- INVITED GUESTS, COMMITTEE MEETING IN HILTON HEAD, SOUTH CAROLINA, AUGUST 1990
- AQUACULTURE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS AND EXPOSITION, VANCOUVER, BRITISH COLUMBIA, SEPTEMBER 1990
- Index
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