On November 13, 1985, catastrophic mudflows swept down the slopes of the erupting Nevado del Ruiz volcano, destroying structures in their paths. Various estimates of deaths ranged as high as 24,000 residents. Though the nature and extent of risk posed by the mudflows to local communities were well documented before the event and extensive efforts had been made to communicate this information to those at risk, the affected communities were caught largely unaware.
This volume analyzes the disaster's many aspects: the extent, constitution, and behavior of the mudflows; the nature of damage to structures; the status of the area's disaster warning system; and the extent of the area's disaster preparedness, emergency response actions, and disaster relief efforts—both at the time of the disaster and in the first few months following the event.
- The Eruption of Nevado Del Ruiz Volcano Colombia, South America November 13, 1985
- Copyright
- NATURAL DISASTER STUDIES
- INVITATION FOR DISCUSSION
- Acknowledgments
- Preface
- Contents
- Executive Summary
- 1 Physical Setting and Geologic History
- SITE LOCATION
- MORPHOLOGY AND PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
- HISTORIC ERUPTIONS AND LAHARS IN THE RUIZ AREA
- Volcanic Eruption of March 12, 1595
- Mudflows of February 19, 1845
- Other Historic Events
- 2 The November 13, 1985 Eruption and Subsequent Lahars
- CHRONOLOGY OF VOLCANIC EVENTS
- SUGGESTED LAHAR-TRIGGERING MECHANISM
- AREAL EXTENT AND GRADIENT
- VELOCITY OF LAHARS
- COMPOSITION OF THE LAHAR DEPOSITS
- THICKNESS OF LAHAR DEPOSITS
- CONSOLIDATION OF LAHAR DEPOSITS
- 3 Performance of Various Structures Along the Lahar Paths
- 4 Preeruption Awareness and Preparedness
- HISTORICAL ERUPTIONS AND EXPERIENCE
- INITIAL THREAT DETECTION
- EFFORTS TO INCREASE AWARENESS
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Geológico-Mineras (INGEOMINAS)
- Civil Defense
- City and Regional Authorities
- Public Information
- CONCLUSIONS
- 5 The Warning Period
- 3:00–5:00 P.M., NOVEMBER 13
- 5:00–7:00 P.M., NOVEMBER 13
- 7:00–9:00 P.M., NOVEMBER 13
- 9:00–11:00 P.M., NOVEMBER 13
- 11:00 P.M.–1:00 A.M., NOVEMBER 13–14
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
- NOTES
- 6 Disaster Impacts
- IMMEDIATE POSTIMPACT ACTIVITIES
- RESTORATION ACTIVITIES
- LONG-TERM IMPACTS
- NOTES
- 7 The Recovery Program
- ORGANIZATION OF THE RECOVERY ACTIVITIES
- PROVISION OF TEMPORARY HOUSING
- Resettlement
- The Refugee Camps
- Refugee Camp Organization
- Social Conditions in the Camps
- Health Care
- Temporary Housing
- RECONSTRUCTION/RELOCATION
- SPECIAL ISSUES
- Designating Eligible Parties
- Replacement of Economic and Social Roles
- CONCLUSIONS
- 8 Posteruption Hazard Watch and Disaster Planning
- RISK AND RISK INFORMATION
- EMERGENCY PLANNING FOR WARNING AND EVACUATION
- PUBLIC EDUCATION
- PUBLIC RESPONSE TO HAZARD WARNINGS
- COMMENTS
- References
- Appendix A Geologic Setting and Prehistorical Volcanic Activities
- REGIONAL GEOLOGY
- Nevado Del Ruiz Province
- Magdalena River Valley Province
- TECTONIC SETTING
- PREHISTORIC ACTIVITY OF THE VOLCANO
- Appendix B Recommendations for Improving the Existing warning System for an Impending Eruption of t ...
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVING THE EXISTING WARNING SYSTEM FOR AN IMPENDING ERUPTION OF THE NEVADO DE ...
- Overview
- The Volcano and the Disaster Event
- The Study team's Trip
- Why an Advance Report?
- The Existing Warning System
- Recommended Improvements
- Conclusions
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