Groundwater Contamination

Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 9780309078320
eISBN Pdf: 9780309557542
Place of publication: United States
Year of digital publication: 1984
Month: January
Pages: 192
Language: English

Groundwater Contamination
Copyright
Studies In Geophysics
PREFACE
Contents
OVERVIEW AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- THE PROBLEM
- GROUNDWATER: THE RESOURCE
- SOURCES OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION
- DISPOSAL PRACTICES
  - Landfills
  - Evaporation Ponds and Lagoons
  - Deep Injection or Burial
  - Multiple Barriers
- EFFECTIVE DISPOSAL SITES
- GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY CONSERVATIVE TRANSPORT
  - Transport with Reactions
- ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS
- RESTORATION OF CONTAMINATED AQUIFERS
- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- REFERENCES
I BACKGROUND
1 The Extent of Groundwater Contamination in the United States
- Sources of Groundwater Contamination
  - Severity of Groundwater Contamination
  - Regional Assessments of Groundwater Contaminants in the United States
  - State Summaries of Known Incidences of Contamination
    - Arizona
    - California
    - Connecticut
    - Florida
    - Idaho
    - Illinois
    - Nebraska
    - New Jersey
    - New Mexico
    - South Carolina
  - Summary and Conclusions
  - References
II PROCESSES
2 Movement of Contaminants in Groundwater: Groundwater Transport—Advection and Dispersion
- Introduction
  - Advection-Dispersion Equation
  - Is Dispersion a Fickian Process?
  - Definition of Dispersivity
  - Summary and Discussion
  - Dispersion in Fractured Rock
  - Conclusions
  - References
3 Contaminants in Groundwater: Chemical Processes
- Introduction
  - Transport with Chemical Mass Transfer
    - Adsorption in Advective-Dispersive Systems
    - Limitations of the Adsorption-Isotherm Approach
    - Precipitation and Solubility Controls
    - Hydrolysis and Chemical Speciation
    - Oxidation and Reduction
    - Mineral Dissolution and Acid Consumption
  - Behavior of Organic Contaminants
    - Sorption
    - Chemical Reactions
    - Biological Reactions
    - Organic Compounds As Complexing Agents
  - Field Studies of Contaminated Groundwater
  - Chemical Reactions and Permeable Media
  - Summary and Conclusions
  - References
III METHODS OF WASTE DISPOSAL
4 Shallow Land Burial of Municipal Wastes
- Introduction
  - Leachate Characteristics
  - Gas Production
  - Hydrogeologic Criteria
    - Unsaturated Flow
    - Site Size
    - Water Balance
    - Trench Covers
    - Trench Liners
  - Monitoring
    - Monitoring Methodology
    - Verification of Contamination
  - Conclusions
  - References
5 Deep Burial Of Toxic Wastes
- Introduction
  - Methods of Disposal
  - Advantages and Disadvantages of Deep Burial
  - A Hypothetical Repository
  - Hydrogeologic Properties of Rocks at Depth
    - General Data from Wells and Test Holes
    - Geochemical Evidence
  - Problems of Evaluating the Hydrologic Hazards of a Waste Repository
    - Trajectory of Contaminants
    - Concentration of Contaminants
    - Total Amount of Contaminants That Reach the Surface
    - Travel Time
  - Flow of Groundwater Through a Closed Repository
    - Initial Inflow
    - Steady-State Flow Conditions
    - Isolated Leaks
  - Discussion and Conclusions
  - Acknowledgments
  - References
IV EXAMPLES
6 Groundwater Contamination and Aquifer Reclamation at The Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Colorado
- Introduction
  - Description of Study Area
    - History of Contamination
    - Hydrogeology
    - Contamination Pattern
  - Application of Simulation Models
  - Aquifer Restoration Program
    - Response to Cease and Desist Orders
    - Contaminant Migration Control at Arsenal Boundaries
    - Treatment Process
    - Installation and Operation of Pilot Containment System
    - Expanded Containment System
    - Other Contaminant Migration Control Systems
    - Planning for Control and Elimination of Contaminant Sources
  - Summary and Conclusions
  - Acknowledgments
  - References
7 Geologic Problems at Low-Level Radioactive Waste-Disposal Sites
- Introduction
  - Site-Selection Criteria for Existing Sites
  - Problems Encountered at Existing Sites
    - Bathtub Effect
    - Trench-Cap Integrity
    - Erosion
    - High Water Table
    - Hydrologic Complexity
    - Flooding
    - Complex Leachate Chemistry
    - Rapid Radionuclide Migration
  - Possible Answers to the Questions
    - Bathtub Effect and Trench-Cap Integrity
    - Geohydrologic Complexity
    - High Water Table
    - Complex Leachate Chemistry
    - Rapid Radionuclide Migration in High-Permeability Media
  - Conclusions
  - References
8 Groundwater Flow Modeling Study of the Love Canal Area, New York
- Introduction
  - Background
    - Lockport Dolomite
    - Shallow System
  - Aquifer Testing Analysis
  - Lockport Dolomite Model
    - Calibration
    - Sensitivity Analysis
    - Predictions Assuming Remedial Action
    - Contamination Travel Times and Uncertainty Analysis
    - Confining Bed
  - Conclusions
  - Acknowledgment
  - References
9 Nonpoint Contamination of Groundwater on Long Island, New York
- Introduction
  - Geohydrology
  - Natural Water-Quality Conditions
  - Saltwater Encroachment
  - Nitrate
  - Metals
  - Organic Solvents
  - Methylene Blue Active Substances
  - Pesticides
  - Conclusion
  - References
10 Hydrogeochemical Studies at a Landfill in Delaware
- Introduction
  - Statement of Problem
    - Description of Site
  - Geochemical Aspects
    - Sampling Techniques
    - Dissolved Oxygen, Ph, and Alkalinity
    - Major Constituents
    - Organic Compounds
    - Chemical Mass Balance
  - Conclusions
  - Acknowledgments
  - References
11 Assessment of the Potential for Radionuclide Migration from a Nuclear Explosion Cavity
- Introduction
  - Cambric Re-Entry
  - Satellite Well
  - Laboratory Experiments
  - Summary and Conclusions
  - Acknowledgments
  - References
12 Groundwater Restoration with in Situ Uranium Leach Mining
- Introduction
  - Uranium Deposition in Sandstone
  - Mining Technology
  - Groundwater Restoration Alternatives after Leach Mining
  - In Situ Uranium Mining in South Texas
    - Development and Economics of In Situ Mining in South Texas
    - Groundwater Resources of the South Texas Mining District
    - Regulation of the In Situ Uranium Industry in Texas
    - Restoration Activities in the South Texas Uranium-Mining District
  - References
V INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS
13 Selected Variables Affecting the Choice between Federal and Sate Regulatory Responsibility: Groundwater Quality...
- Groundwater Quality and its Regulation
  - Efficiency
  - Jurisdictional Scope of Decision-Making Authority
  - Structural Distance
  - Conclusions
  - Notes
  - References
14 Risk Assessment for the Prevention of Groundwater Contamination
- Introduction
  - Overview
    - Scope and Objectives
    - Groundwater Contamination: Sources, Reasons, and Impacts
    - Groundwater-Quality Modeling
  - The Multiobjective Framework
    - Example Problem
  - Internalizing the Externalities of Pollution
  - Quantitative Analyses
    - Introduction
    - Generic Model Formulation
    - A Hierarchical Multiobjective Framework
  - Risk-Assessment Methodologies
    - The Multiobjective Statistical Method
    - Problem Definition
    - Construction of Risk Functions
    - The Partitioned Multiobjective Risk Method
  - Epilogue
  - Acknowledgments
  - References

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