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Crew Size and Maritime Safety

Crew Size and Maritime Safety

  • Publisher: National Academies Press
  • ISBN: 9780309043755
  • eISBN Pdf: 9780309567510
  • Place of publication:  United States
  • Year of digital publication: 1991
  • Month: January
  • Pages: 185
  • Language: English

U.S. oceangoing vessels have half the crew size of 30 years ago, thanks to automation and mechanization in the shipping industry. But are reductions in crew size increasing the risk of vessel accidents? Crew Size and Maritime Safety explores how we can minimize risk without hindering technology, presenting the most thorough analysis available of key issues such as domestic versus foreign manning practices and safety performance; effect of crew size on crew fatigue, level of training, and ship maintenance; and modernizing the U.S. Coast Guard approach to crew size regulation.

The volume features a trend analysis of 20 years of maritime safety data, analyzing U.S. and international laws and treaties concerning ship manning and making recommendations for improvements. In addition, it includes a model for setting optimum crew levels, based on systems engineering and tested with actual ships.

  • CREW SIZE AND MARITIME SAFETY
  • Copyright
  • DEDICATION
  • Preface
    • ORIGIN OF THE STUDY
    • SCOPE OF THE STUDY
      • STUDY METHODS
  • Acknowledgments
  • Contents
  • Executive Summary
    • WHAT ARE THE SAFETY CONCERNS?
    • WHAT IS THE SAFETY RECORD?
    • ARE THERE HUMAN FACTORS CONCERNS? HOW CAN THEY BE MANAGED?
    • HOW SHOULD SAFE CREW LEVELS BE ESTABLISHED?
    • DO U.S. MANNING LAWS NEED TO BE MODERNIZED?
    • RECOMMENDATIONS
  • 1 Introduction
    • SAFETY CONCERNS
    • MANNING REDUCTIONS IN THE WORLD'S FLEETS, 1950S-1980S
      • The First Generation
      • Progress Toward the Unattended Engine Room
        • Automated Boiler Controls
        • The Unattended Engine Room
      • Innovations in the Deck Department
        • Elimination of the Relief Person on Navigation Watches
        • Mechanization of the Deck
        • Containerization of Cargo
      • Technology in the Steward's Department
      • The Maintenance Department Aboard U.S.-Flag Vessels: Response to a Regulatory Impasse
      • State of the Art and the Decade Ahead
        • West Germany
        • Japan
        • The Netherlands
        • Two Models for Manning Innovation
    • MAKING THE BEST USE OF TECHNOLOGY
      • The Need for a Systems Approach to Manning Assessments
    • SUMMARY
    • REFERENCES
  • 2 Safety Experience with Smaller Crews
    • THE PROBLEM OF QUANTIFYING MARITIME SAFETY
      • Lack of Reliable Data
      • Improving the Collection of Data
    • INDUSTRY SAFETY INFORMATION
      • Lloyd's Vessel Loss Data
      • Marine Index Bureau Injury Data
      • Tanker Casualty Data
      • U.S. Coast Guard Annual Casualty Reports
      • Oil Spill Data
      • Individual Company Data
      • Safety Implications of Available Data
    • SAFETY CONCERNS
      • Labor Organizations
      • Vessel Operators
      • Specific Safety Concerns
        • Fatigue
        • Maintenance Practices
        • Emergency Response Capacity
        • Reduced Training Opportunities for Unlicensed Personnel
        • Service Continuity by Crew Members
        • Physical Demands on Crew Members
        • Changed Shipboard Social Conditions
    • FURTHER RESEARCH
    • FINDINGS
    • REFERENCES
  • 3 Managing the Human Factors Aspects of Change
    • HUMAN FACTORS REQUIRING PARTICULAR ATTENTION
      • Work Hours and Fatigue
      • Standard Watch Rotations and Fatigue
      • The Impact of Automation
        • Integrated Bridge Systems
        • Single-Handed Bridge Operation
        • Deck and Engine Room Automation
      • Sociological Impacts
      • Drug and Alcohol Abuse
      • Adequacy of Coast Guard Human Factors Analyses
    • MANAGING THE HUMAN FACTORS ASPECTS OF CHANGE
      • Fatigue and Boredom
      • Excessive Workload
      • Shipboard Living Conditions
      • Drug and Alcohol Abuse
      • Adequacy of Coast Guard Human Factors Tools
        • Certification
        • Accident Investigation
    • TRAINING AND CERTIFICATION OF SKILLS FOR SHIPS OF THE FUTURE
      • Training and Licensing Programs of Advanced Shipping Nations
        • Japan
        • The Federal Republic of Germany
        • The Netherlands
      • Training in the United States
        • Officer Training
        • Training of Unlicensed Crew Members
      • Certifying Skills for the Ship of the Future
      • AN EXAMPLE OF SUCCESSFUL TECHNOLOGY IMPLEMENTATION
    • FINDINGS
    • REFERENCES
  • 4 Establishing Safe Crew Levels
    • U.S. COAST GUARD CERTIFICATION PROCEDURES
      • Regulatory Procedures
      • Manning Reductions to Date
        • Deck Department
        • Engine Department
        • Maintenance Departments
      • Future Manning Reductions
    • A FUNCTIONAL MODEL FOR ASSESSING CREW LEVELS
      • Shipboard Task Analysis
      • The Committee's Functional Model
        • Description of the Model
        • Emergency Conditions
        • Operating Conditions Affecting Manning
      • Evaluation of the Model
        • American President Lines C-9 Container Ship Study
        • Exxon Mixed Product Tanker Study
      • The Model's Utility
        • Limitations of the Model
    • FINDINGS
    • REFERENCES
  • 5 Legal and Regulatory Issues
    • SHIPPING AND CIVIL AVIATION: CONTRASTING REGULATORY POLICIES
    • THE STATUTORY BASIS FOR MANNING REGULATION
      • Key Provisions of the Manning Statutes
        • Watch-standing Requirements
        • Work Assignment Restrictions
        • Limitation of Hours of Work
    • THE NEED TO MODERNIZE SAFETY REGULATION OF VESSELS
      • The Maintenance Department: A Regulatory Makeshift
    • THE INTERNATIONAL MANNING REGIME
      • International Agreements Affecting Manning
        • International Maritime Organization
        • International Labour Organisation
      • Port State Control of Foreign-Flag Manning Practices
    • FINDINGS
    • REFERENCES
  • 6 Conclusions and Recommendations
    • SAFETY EXPERIENCE WITH SMALLER CREWS
    • TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION
    • HUMAN FACTORS AND SAFETY CERTIFICATION
    • TRAINING AND LICENSING
    • LEGAL AND REGULATORY ISSUES
  • Appendix A Biographies of Committee Members
  • Appendix B Survey of Classification Societies and Foreign Governments
    • RESULTS OF SURVEY
    • SURVEY OF INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION SOCIETIES
      • Reply from International Maritime Organization
      • Replies from Classification Societies
      • Replies from National Authorities
  • Appendix C Information from Labor Unions
    • Presenters
    • BIBLIOGRAPHY
  • Appendix D Maritime Management Perspectives
    • PERSONNEL
    • VESSEL DESIGN AND EQUIPMENT
    • OPERATIONS
    • SAFETY EXPERIENCE
    • EXTERNALITIES
  • Appendix E Previous Research on Shipboard Task Analysis
    • REFERENCES
  • Appendix F Vessel Manning: New Applications for Old Statutes
    • I. BACKGROUND
      • A. Watch-standing Requirements
      • B. Work Assignment Restrictions
      • C. The Work-hour Limitation
    • II. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS: MAINTENANCEPERSONS AND MAINTENANCE DEPARTMENTS
    • III. CONTINUING PROBLEMS
    • CONCLUSION
    • LAWS AND RULES CONCERNING VESSEL MANNING
  • Index

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