Recent discoveries enabling the growth of crystalline diamond by chemical vapor deposition offer the potential for a wide variety of new applications. This new book examines the state of the technology arising from these discoveries in relation to other allied materials, such as high-pressure diamond and cubic boron nitride. Most of the potential defense, space, and commercial applications are related to diamond's hardness, but some utilize its other qualities, such as optical and electronic properties. The authors review growth processes and discuss techniques for characterizing the resulting materials' properties. Crystalline diamond is emphasized, but other diamond-like materials (e.g. silicon carbide and amorphous carbon containing hydrogen) are also examined. In addition, the authors identify scientific, technical, and economic problems that could impede the rapid exploitation of these materials, and present recommendations covering broad areas of research and development.
- Status and Applications of Diamond and Diamond-Like Materials: An Emerging Technology
- Copyright
- Abstract
- Acknowledgments
- Contents
- Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations
- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- Conclusion 1
- Recommendation
- Conclusion 2
- Recommendation
- Conclusion 3
- Recommendation
- Conclusion 4
- Recommendation
- 1 Introduction
- SCOPE
- NOMENCLATURE
- BACKGROUND
- Hitch-Pressure Synthesis of Diamond and Cubic BN
- Metastable Diamond Growth
- VAPOR GROWTH OF DIAMOND
- DIAMOND-LIKE MATERIALS
- APPLICATIONS
- Applications of Diamond
- Applications of Cubic BN, SiC, and Other Materials
- Applications of Diamond-Like Materials
- INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES
- RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ISSUES
- REFERENCES
- 2 Growth Processes
- GENERIC AND FUNDAMENTAL ISSUES
- HIGH-PRESSURE, HIGH-TEMPERATURE PROCESSES
- Materials Growth Processes
- Direct Conversion
- Static or Indirect Process
- Cubic BN Chemistry
- Control of Crystal Size
- Control of Crystal Shape
- Control of Chemistry, Doping, and Impurities
- Pressure-Sintered Material
- CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION PROCESSES
- Plasma-Enhanced Processes
- Nonplasma Processes
- Hybrid Processes
- Key to References:
- Vapor-Liquid-Solid (VLS) Growth
- Critical CVD Growth Parameters
- Substrates and Their Preparation
- Substrate Temperature
- Gases and Gas Composition
- Gas Flow Rate and Pressure
- Additions to Gas
- Position of Substrate
- Parameters Specific to Individual Processes
- Size of Substrates
- Electric and Magnetic Field Effects
- Fundamental Issues in CVD Processes
- Nucleation
- Growth Mechanisms
- Impurities
- Defects
- Morphology
- PHYSICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION PROCESSES
- Basic Processes
- Key to References:
- Critical Growth Parameters
- Substrates and Film Nucleation
- Deposition Pressure
- Ion Energy Considerations
- Size of Substrates
- Fundamental Issues in PVD Processes
- Growth Mechanisms
- Microstructure
- OTHER DEPOSITION PROCESSES
- OTHER SUPERHARD MATERIALS
- REFERENCES
- 3 Characterization Techniques Relevant to Superhard Materials
- STRUCTURE STUDIES
- Surface Characterization
- Geometric Structure
- Electronic Structure
- Chemical Composition
- Dynamic Processes
- Molecular Modeling
- ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION
- FUNDAMENTAL MECHANICAL MEASUREMENTS
- Scratch and, Hardness Tests
- THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
- ELECTRICAL AND OPTICAL CHARACTERIZATION
- 4 Applications
- MECHANICAL APPLICATIONS
- Bearings and Journals: Coatings and Monolithic
- Barrier Coatings
- Cutting Tools: Drills, Bits, Cutters, Saw, Blades
- Surgical Blades and Microtomes
- Knives and Cutting Blades
- Abrasives
- Medical Implants
- Additional Technological Impacts
- ELECTRONICS
- High-Power Transistors
- High-Performance (Rapid-Response) Transistors
- High-Temperature Transistors
- Radiation-Hard Transistors
- High-Voltage Electronics
- Reliable Electronics
- Negative Electron Affinity Cathodes
- Electrical Insulators
- Heat Conductors
- X-Ray Masks for Advance Projection Photolithography
- Direct-Write Microelectronics
- Magnetic Disks and Read-Write Heads
- Additional Technological Impacts
- OPTICS AND OPTOELECTRONICS
- Monolithic Windows and Lenses
- X-Ray Windows
- Mirror Substrates
- Heat Conductors
- Optical Emitters, Lasers, And Light-Emitting Diodes
- Optically Activated Electronic Switches
- Ultraviolet Solar-Blind Detectors
- Optical Waveguides
- Fiber Optic Coating
- Optical Coatings
- High-Power Laser Mirrors
- Protective Coatings
- Antireflection Coatings
- Additional Technological Impacts
- REFERENCES
- 5 Research and Development Issues and Opportunities
- GROWTH PROCESSES
- MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION
- APPLICATIONS
- BEYOND DIAMOND: OTHER MATERIALS AND ISSUES
- REFERENCES
- Appendix
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