There is not much question that plants are sensitive to air pollution, nor is there doubt that air pollution is affecting forests and agriculture worldwide. In this book, specific criteria and evaluated approaches to diagnose the effects of air pollution on trees and forests are examined.
- Biologic Markers of Air-Pollution Stress and Damage in Forests
- Copyright
- PREFACE
- Contents
- PART I THE COMMITTEE'S REPORT
- Executive Summary
- CONCLUSIONS
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- Biologic Markers of Air-Pollution Stress and Damage in Forests
- Introduction
- Using Markers in Combination
- The Workshop
- INTRODUCTORY PAPERS
- REGIONAL APPLICATIONS OF BIOLOGIC MARKERS
- PHYSIOLOGIC, MORPHOLOGIC, AND ECOLOGIC MARKERS
- BIOCHEMICAL, CELLULAR, AND TISSUE-LEVEL MARKERS
- Establishing Cause-and-Effect Relationships
- Using Markers in Surveys and Experimental Studies
- SURVEYS OF STRESS AND DAMAGE
- CONTROLLED-EXPOSURE STUDIES
- EXPERIMENTS TO DETERMINE MECHANISM
- DEVELOPING A DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH
- A Strategy for Using Biologic Markers of Stress in Forests
- Conclusions and Recommendations
- CONCLUSIONS
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- REFERENCES
- PART II THE WORKSHOP PAPERS INTRODUCTORY SESSION
- Air Pollutant Distribution and Trends
- INTRODUCTION
- MAN-MADE SOX AND NOX EMISSION PATTERN AND TRENDS
- WET DEPOSITION DATA FOR SULFATE, NITRATE, AND AMMONIA
- AIRBORNE OZONE CONCENTRATION
- VISIBILITY
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- References
- Contents
- Elevational Gradients/Local Chemistry
- CLOUD EXPOSURE FREQUENCY
- CLOUD CHEMISTRY EXPOSURE
- OZONE
- HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
- CLOUD LIQUID WATER CONTENT
- DISCUSSION
- Large-Scale Monitoring
- RESULTS OF STUDIES IN THE NATIONAL VEGETATION SURVEY
- Dendrochronology
- Mapping and Geographic Information Systems
- Mensuration and Statistics
- Monitoring
- DISCUSSION
- References
- The Use of Biomarkers to Monitor Forest Damage in Europe
- INTRODUCTION
- MONITORING FOREST HEALTH
- THE USE OF BIOMARKERS
- CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS
- SUMMARY
- References
- Bioindicators in Air Pollution Research — Applications and Constraints
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION OF ASSESSMENT METHODS
- CLASSIFICATION OF BIOLOGICAL METHODS
- BIOINDICATORS
- EXAMPLES OF BIOINDICATORS AND THEIR LIMITATIONS:
- CONCLUSIONS
- References
- Biological Markers: New and Emerging Technologies
- INTRODUCTION
- NEED FOR BIOLOGICAL MARKERS
- DESIRED CHARACTERISTICS OF MARKERS
- NEW AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
- SHORT-LIVED RADIOISOTOPE TECHNOLOGIES
- NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE TECHNOLOGIES
- OTHER EMERGING MARKER TECHNOLOGIES
- DISCUSSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- References
- THE WORKSHOP PAPERS FOREST APPLICATIONS OF BIOLOGIC MARKERS: REGIONAL SESSION
- Decline of Red Spruce in the Northern Appalachians: Determining if Air Pollution is an Important Factor
- INTRODUCTION
- FACTORS RELATED TO THE OCCURRENCE AND SEVERITY OF SPRUCE DECLINE
- THE POSSIBILITY OF AIR POLLUTION INVOLVEMENT
- SUMMARY
- References
- Forest Applications of Biomarkers in Southeastern Forests
- Biomarkers for Defining Air Pollution Effects in Western Coniferous Forests
- INTRODUCTION
- VISUAL DETECTION AND ESTIMATION OF EFFECTS
- NEEDLE HISTOLOGY
- CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF LEAF TISSUE
- MANIPULATIONS THAT CLARIFY THE RESPONSE OF BIOMARKERS
- SUMMARY
- References
- Symptoms as Bioindicators of Decline in European Forests
- INTRODUCTION
- THE IMPORTANCE OF SYMPTOMS AS BIOINDICATORS OF STRESS
- DISCUSSION AND GENERAL CONCLUSIONS
- References
- THE WORKSHOP PAPERS TREE-STAND/ECOSYSTEM SESSION
- Resource Allocation in Trees and Ecosystems
- INTRODUCTION
- PHOTOSYNTHESIS/BRANCH PRODUCTION
- PHLOEM/SAPWOOD AREA
- LEAF AREA/BOLE MAINTENANCE
- LEAF/LITTER PRODUCTION
- BARK BEETLE ATTACKS/ GROWTH EFFICIENCY
- CONCLUSION
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- References
- Markers of Air Pollution in Forests: Nutrient Cycling
- INTRODUCTION
- DEPOSITION AND CANOPY INTERACTIONS
- DECOMPOSITION, NUTRIENT MINERALIZATION, AND NITRIFICATION
- SOIL LEACHING AND NUTRIENT EXPORT
- CHANGES IN SOILS
- CHANGES IN STREAMS
- CONCLUSIONS
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
- References
- Human Perturbation of C, N, and S Biogeochemical Cycles: Historical Studies With Stable Isotopes
- INTRODUCTION
- THEORY
- EXAMPLES FROM 13C STUDIES
- TERMINOLOGY
- SIGNAL-TO-NOISE
- NITROGEN ISOTOPES
- SULFUR ISOTOPES
- CONCLUSIONS
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- References
- Tree-Ring Analysis as an Aid to Evaluating the Effects of Air Pollution on Tree Growth
- INTRODUCTION
- TREE RINGS AS A POTENTIAL INDICATION OF POLLUTION STRESS IN TREES
- TESTING FOR ANOMALOUS DECLINES IN RING WIDTHS
- TESTING FOR CHANGES IN TREE RINGS THAT CANNOT BE EXPLAINED BY CLIMATE
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- References
- Evaluation of Root Growth and Functioning of Trees Exposed to Air Pollutants
- ROOT PRODUCTION AND TURNOVER
- ROOT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
- ROOT FUNCTIONING: WATER UPTAKE
- ROOT FUNCTIONING: NUTRIENT UPTAKE
- CONCLUSIONS
- SUMMARY
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
- The Use of Remote Sensing for the Study of Air Pollution Effects in Forests
- INTRODUCTION
- CHANGE DETECTION STUDIES
- SPATIAL STUDIES
- FLUORESCENCE LINE IMAGER STUDIES
- SUMMARY
- References
- Indigenous and Cultivated Plants as Bioindicators
- INTRODUCTION
- GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Selection of Plant Materials
- Indicator Species
- Kinds of Symptoms
- Field Monitoring Systems
- References
- Experiments and Observations on Epiphytic Lichens as Early Warning Sentinels of Forest Decline
- INTRODUCTION
- METHODOLOGY
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- References
- Fungal and Bacterial Symbioses as Potential Biological Markers of Effects of Atmospheric Deposition on Forest H ...
- MYCORRHIZAE
- Endomycorrhizae
- Ectomycorrhizae
- Factors Affecting Mycorrhizal Development
- Actinorhizae
- ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF TREE SYMBIOSES
- Fungal Succession and Forest Development
- Ectomycorrhizae and Net Primary Production
- ECTOMYCORRHIZAE AND ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION
- BETTER METHODS ARE NEEDED TO STUDY SYMBIOSES
- CONCLUSION
- SUMMARY
- References
- Microbial and Rhizosphere Markers of Air Pollution Induced Stress
- INTRODUCTION
- RHIZOSPHERE STRUCTURE AND MAINTENANCE
- RHIZOSPHERE FUNCTIONS
- EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES
- AIR POLLUTION EFFECTS
- SUMMARY
- References
- THE WORKSHOP PAPERS BIOCHEMICAL/CELL-TISSUE SESSION
- Foliar Nitrate Reductase: a Marker for Assimilation of Atmospheric Nitrogen Oxides
- THE NITROGEN HYPOTHESIS OF FOREST DECLINE
- A BIOLOGICAL MARKER FOR EVALUATION OF NITROGEN HYPOTHESIS
- CHARACTERISTICS OF NITRATE REDUCTASE
- EXPERIMENTAL USE OF NITRATE REDUCTASE AS A MARKER
- EVALUATION OF NITRATE REDUCTASE AS A MARKER IN THE FIELD
- SUMMARY
- References
- Free-Radical Mediated Processes As Markers of Air Pollution Stress in Trees
- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- Plant Material and Treatments:
- Harvests and Physiological Measurements:
- Biochemical Measurements:
- REVIEW, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- CONCLUSIONS
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- References
- Biochemical Indicators of Air Pollution Effects in Trees: Unambiguous Signals Based on Secondary Metbolites an...
- INTRODUCTION
- COMPONENTS OF A PREDICTIVE MODEL
- Distinguishing Stress from Damage
- Whole Plant Partitioning of Resources in Response to Stress
- Allocation of Resources within Tissues
- Stress-Induced Changes in the Form of Nitrogen
- Plant Determinants of the Magnitude and Rate of Stress Responses
- Plant Responses to Damage
- PREDICTING STRESS AND DAMAGE RESPONSES IN FAST-GROWING TREE SPECIES
- A PRELIMINARY TEST OF THE PREDICTIVE MODEL
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- References
- Metals in Roots, Stem, and Foliage of Forest Trees
- The Potential of Trees to Record Aluminum Mobilization and Changes in Alkaline Earth Availability
- BACKGROUND
- The Stem as a Recorder of Changes in Cation Availability
- Aluminum:Calcium Ratios in Red Spruce and Eastern Hemlock in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park
- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- References
- Carbon Allocation Processes as Indicators of Pollutant Impacts on Forest Trees
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- References
- Photosynthesis and Transpiration Measurements as Biomarkers of Air Pollution Effects on Forests
- INTRODUCTION
- LINKS BETWEEN PHOTOSYNTHESIS, STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE, AND GROWTH
- EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND STOMATAL FUNCTION
- CALCULATIONS OF AIR POLLUTION ABSORPTION
- MEASUREMENTS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CONDUCTANCE
- PROBLEMS USING PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CONDUCTANCE AS AIR POLLUTION MARKERS
- SUMMARY
- References
- Nutrient-Use Efficiency as an Indicator of Stress Effects in Forest Trees
- EXAMPLES OF NUTRIENT-USE EFFICIENCY
- NUE DURING THE ANNUAL CYCLE
- CARBON-NUTRIENT RELATIONSHIPS
- CARBON AND NUTRIENT STORAGE
- CHANGES IN CARBON-NUTRIENT RELATIONSHIPS WITH STAND AGE
- COMMENTS
- SUMMARY
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
- References
- Leaf Cuticles as Potential Markers of Air Pollutant Exposure in Trees
- THE CUTICLE AS A BARRIER
- CUTICLE STRUCTURE
- EPICUTICULAR WAX: AN INDICATOR OF POLLUTANT EXPOSURE?
- MOVEMENT THROUGH CUTICLES
- PERMEABILITY OF CUTICLES
- References
- Air Pollutant-Low Temperature Interactions In Trees
- SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION: METABOLIC "THRESHOLDS" FOR STRESS
- References
- Alteration of Chlorophyll in Plants Upon Air Pollutant Exposure
- CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT
- CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE
- CONCLUSION
- References
- Co-Occurring Stress: Drought
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