"[A] collection of scholars [has] released a monumental study called A Common Destiny: Blacks and American Society. It offers detailed evidence of the progress our nation has made in the past 50 years in living up to American ideals. But the study makes clear that our work is far from over." —President Bush, Remarks by the president to the National Urban League Conference
The product of a four-year, intensive study by distinguished experts, A Common Destiny presents a clear, readable "big picture" of blacks' position in America. Drawing on historical perspectives and a vast amount of data, the book examines the past 50 years of change and continuity in the status of black Americans. By studying and comparing black and white age cohorts, this volume charts the status of blacks in areas such as education, housing, employment, political participation and family life.
- A Common Destiny
- Copyright
- Contents
- Preface
- Summary and Conclusions
- SUMMARY OF MAJOR FINDINGS
- Blacks and Whites in a Changing Society
- Determinants of Black Status
- A RECORD OF THE STATUS OF BLACK AMERICANS
- Attitudes, Participation, Identity, and Institutions
- Political Participation
- Economic Status
- Schooling
- Health
- Crime and Criminal Justice
- Children and Families
- THE FUTURE: ALTERNATIVES AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS
- Blacks' Status in the Near Future
- Residential Segregation
- Income and Poverty
- Policy Alternatives
- Black Perspectives
- CONCLUSION
- 1 Overview: Then and Now
- CHANGE AND CONTINUITY IN BLACK-WHITE STATUS SINCE 1940
- The Baseline Cohort
- The Most Recent Cohort
- Uneven Changes
- DATA, FINDINGS, AND INTERPRETATIONS: CONCEPTS AND METHODS
- Study Methods
- Determinants of Black Status
- Interpreting Data
- Explaining Black-White Differences
- Residential Segregation and Its Effects
- Description of the Report
- REFERENCES
- NOTE
- 2 Black Participation in American Society
- THE BASELINE PERIOD: 1935-1945
- Social Relations Under Jim Crow
- Migration and Urbanization
- Rising Black Protest
- BLACK PARTICIPATION IN SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS SINCE 1945
- The Military
- Desegregation of the Armed Forces
- The Modern Military
- Public Schools
- Trends in School Desegregation
- Effects of School Desegregation
- Resegregation Within Desegregated Schools
- Blacks, Whites, and School Desegregation
- PUBLIC ACCOMMODATIONS AND WORK ENVIRONMENTS
- Workplaces
- Labor Unions and Equal Employment
- RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION
- Metropolitan Areas
- Neighborhoods
- BLACK PARTICIPATION IN SOCIAL LIFE SINCE 1945
- Churches And Religious Life
- Organized Sports
- ARTS AND ENTERTAINMENT
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
- 3 Racial Attitudes and Behavior
- THE EMPIRICAL RECORD: 1940-1986
- Change in Racial Attitudes: An Overview
- White Attitudes
- The Scientific American Reports
- Social Distance
- SOCIAL POLICY, SOCIAL CONTEXT, AND RACIAL ATTITUDES
- Black Attitudes
- Support for Principles and Implementation Policies
- Black Alienation from White Society
- BLACK AND WHITE PREFERENCES FOR BLACK-WHITE RELATIONS
- CONTEMPORARY BLACK-WHITE RELATIONS
- Public Accommodations and Retail Establishments
- Racial Attitudes and Discrimination In Housing
- Housing and Socioeconomic Status
- Discrimination in the Workplace
- EXPLANATIONS OF BLACK AND WHITE ATTITUDES TOWARD RACE
- Three Interpretations
- Competing Values
- The Meaning of Racial Equality
- Group Status
- CONCLUSIONS
- REFERENCES
- 4 Identity and Institutions in the Black Community
- SOCIAL STRUCTURE
- Before the Civil Rights Movement
- A Segregated Society
- Black Cultural Life
- After the Civil Rights Movement
- The Black Middle Class
- The Changing Black Elite
- INSTITUTIONS: INSTRUMENTS OF CHANGE
- The Civil Rights Movement and Its Local Roots
- Religious Institutions
- Colleges and Universities
- Businesses
- From the Nineteenth Century to the Civil Rights Movement
- Black-Owned Businesses Since 1970
- The Naacp and the National Urban League
- Post-1960s Organizations
- Caucus Organizations
- Organizations of Public Officials
- BLACK IDENTITY
- Divergent Definitions
- Cultural Traditions
- Self-Determination and the Nation of Islam
- African-American Cultural Duality
- Group Identity and Consciousness
- REFERENCES
- 5 Black Political Participation
- FROM RIGHTS TO RESOURCES
- CORE POLITICAL VALUES
- Black Pragmatism
- Blacks and the Political Parties
- Black Nationalism
- THE STRUGGLE FOR CIVIL RIGHTS: PROTEST AND LITIGATION
- Antecedents to the Civil Rights Movement
- The Context of the Postwar Years
- Socioeconomic Changes
- Political Effects
- Public Opinion
- Enforcement of Civil Rights
- Voting
- Education
- Employment
- Public Accommodations and Housing
- DEMOCRATIC STATUS: VOTING AND HOLDING OFFICE
- Determinants of Black Voter Participation
- Elected Officials
- Other Public Officials and Employees
- ALLOCATIONAL STATUS: INFLUENCING PUBLIC POLICY
- Political Leadership and Priorities in the Black Community
- Local Black Governance
- The Federal Policy Process
- Foreign Policy
- Antipoverty Policy
- Minority Business Policy
- Tax Reform
- SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
- 6 Blacks in the Economy
- A HALF CENTURY OF UNEVEN CHANGE
- Gains and Stagnation
- Black Inequality: The Poor and the Middle Class
- POVERTY
- Trends in Poverty Since 1939
- Current Conditions
- Demographic Factors
- The Working Poor
- Geographic Factors
- INCOME AND WEALTH
- Sources of Income
- Public Assistance and Other Benefits
- Wealth
- BLACKS IN THE LABOR MARKET
- National Economic Trends
- Earnings
- Lifetime Expected Earnings
- Effects of Education
- Employment
- Trends
- The Special Problems of Black Men
- Occupations
- Changes in Occupational Distribution
- Self-Employment
- EMPLOYMENT AND EQUAL OPPORTUNITY
- Equal Employment Opportunity Enforcement
- Social Networks and Job Opportunities
- CONCLUSIONS
- REFERENCES
- 7 The Schooling of Black Americans
- ENROLLMENT AND ATTAINMENT
- Early Childhood Education
- High School Attainment and Dropping Out
- College Entry and Completion
- Explaining the Decline in Black College Entry
- College: Degree Attainment and Choice Of Major
- ACHIEVEMENT
- Effects of Preschool and Compensatory Programs
- Elementary and High School
- Improvements in Black Achievement Scores
- Signs of Slippage and Remaining Black-White Gaps in Achievement
- SCHOOL FACTORS IN ATTAINMENT AND ACHIEVEMENT
- The Effects of Schools and Between-School Differences
- The Schooling Process
- Teacher Expectations, Characteristics, and Behavior
- Classrooms
- School Climate and "Effective Schools"
- Minimum Competency Testing and Teacher Testing
- Higher Education: Institutional Climate, Social Adjustment, and Academic Success
- EXTRASCHOOL FACTORS IN ATTAINMENT AND ACHIEVEMENT
- The Social Context of the Schools
- Black-White Similarities and Differences
- The Educational Attainment Process
- Families, Socialization, and School Performance
- Social Status and Ambivalence About Education
- School Desegregation and Academic Achievement
- Black Faculty in Higher Education
- POLICY CONTEXT AND CONCLUSIONS
- REFERENCES
- 8 Black Americans' Health
- OVERVIEW
- PREGNANCY AND INFANCY
- Neonatal and Postneonatal Mortality
- Prenatal Care
- Maternal Mortality
- CHILDHOOD
- Demography and Health Status
- Risks to Healthy Growth, Development, and Learning
- Malnutrition
- Anemia
- Lead Poisoning
- Lack of Immunization
- Lack of Dental Care
- Child Neglect and Abuse
- ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS
- Teenage Childbearing and Reproductive Health
- Special Health Risks
- Drugs, Tobacco, and Alcohol Use
- Injuries
- Glaucoma
- ADULTHOOD
- Major Health Risks
- Aids
- Substance Abuse
- Hypertension
- Cancer
- OLDER ADULTS
- Demographic Characteristics and Health
- Mortality and Morbidity
- Barriers to Health Utilization and Health Care
- PROVISION OF HEALTH CARE
- Insurance Coverage
- Sources of Care
- Preventive Care
- Hospital Care
- Quality of Care
- Health Professionals and Work Force
- CONCLUSIONS
- REFERENCES
- 9 Crime and the Administration of Criminal Justice
- CRIME AND PUNISHMENT
- SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE REVIEW
- CRIMINAL OFFENDERS AND VICTIMS
- Trends in Serious Crimes and Imprisonment
- Alcohol, Drugs, Handguns, and Crime
- Drugs and Alcohol
- Handguns
- The Costs of Crime: Blacks and Black Communities as Victims
- THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROCESS
- Police Behavior and the Decision to Arrest
- Race Prejudice and Victim Racial Characteristics
- Police Organization
- Pretrial Bargaining and Prosecution
- Sentencing
- Sentencing Outcomes and Imprisonment Rates
- The Death Penalty
- BLACK CRIMINAL JUSTICE PERSONNEL
- Police Officers, Prosecutors, and Judges
- The Impact of Black Personnel
- SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
- 10 Children and Families
- CHANGING FAMILY PATTERNS
- Overview
- Fertility Trends
- Marital Status and Living Arrangements of Children
- Children and Poverty: Consequences of Family Change
- CAUSES OF CHANGING FAMILY PATTERNS
- The Resilience of Black Families
- Social Class and Economic Position
- Family Assistance Benefits
- Changes in Men's and Women's Economic Status
- The Declining Economic Fortunes of Men
- Labor Force Participation and Economic Status of Women
- Scarcity of ''Marriageable" Men
- The Culture-of-Poverty Hypothesis
- Other Factors
- CONCLUSIONS
- REFERENCES
- Appendices
- Appendix A Notes on Methodology, Definitions, and Needed Data and Research
- A Clarification of Some Problems and Concepts
- Measurement
- Meaning of Status
- Racial Attitudes
- Meaning of Race
- Meaning of Racism
- Needed Data and Research
- References
- Appendix B Biographical Sketches of Committee and Panel Members and Staff
- Appendix C Committee Activities
- Meetings
- Committee and Panels
- Additional Meetings of Panels
- Panel on Education
- Panel on Employment, Income, and Occupations
- Panel on Health
- Panel on Political Participation and Administration of Criminal Justice
- Panel on Social and Cultural Continuity and Change
- Commissioned Papers
- Index
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