Biosafety in the Laboratory is a concise set of practical guidelines for handling and disposing of biohazardous material. The consensus of top experts in laboratory safety, this volume provides the information needed for immediate improvement of safety practices. It discusses high- and low-risk biological agents (including the highest-risk materials handled in labs today), presents the "seven basic rules of biosafety," addresses special issues such as the shipping of dangerous materials, covers waste disposal in detail, offers a checklist for administering laboratory safety—and more.
- Biosafety In The Laboratory
- Copyright
- Preface
- Contents
- 1 Introduction, Overview, and Recommendations
- A— INTRODUCTION
- B— OVERVIEW
- Chapter 2— Descriptive Epidemiology of Occupational Infections of Laboratory Workers
- Chapter 3— Safe Handling of Infections Agents
- Chapter 4— Safe Disposal of Infectious Laboratory Waste
- Chapter 5— Safety Management
- C— RECOMMENDATIONS
- 1— Immunization
- 2— Serum Bank
- 3— Avoiding Exposure to Infectious Agents
- 4— Transportation and Shipment of Specimens
- 5— Labeling of Specimens
- 6— Biosafety in Large-Scale Production
- 7— Safe Disposal of Infectious Laboratory Waste
- 8— Administrative Organization and Responsibility
- 9— Facilities
- 10— Medical Program
- 11— Emergencies
- 2 Descriptive Epidemiology of Occupational Infections of Laboratory Workers
- A— INTRODUCTION
- B— THE EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRIAD
- 1— The Host
- 2— The Infectious Agent
- 3— The Environment
- C— LABORATORY-ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS
- 1— Infectious Agents Presenting the Highest Risk
- 2— Infectious Agents Presenting the Lowest Risk
- 3— Other Infectious Agents
- 3 Safe Handling of Infectious Agents
- A— GUIDELINES FOR HANDLING PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS
- B— ORGANISMS POSING SPECIAL RISKS
- C— HAZARDS FROM VERTEBRATE ANIMALS AND INSECTS IN THE LABORATORY
- D— PRIMARY AND CONTINUOUS CELL CULTURES
- E— HANDLING OF NECROPSY AND SURGICAL SPECIMENS
- 1— Introduction
- 2— Necropsy
- a— Routine Necropsies
- b— Necropsies on Bodies Known to Be Infected
- 3— Surgical Pathology
- F— GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICES
- 1— Introduction
- 2— Routes of Exposure
- a— Contact Route
- b— Oral Route
- c— Ocular Route
- d— Inoculation Route
- e— Respiratory Route
- 3— Prevention of Exposure
- 4— The Seven Basic Rules of Biosafety
- 5— Summary
- G— TRANSPORTATION AND SHIPMENT OF SPECIMENS
- 1— Introduction
- 2— Packaging. Shipping, and Handling of Biological Specimens
- H— LABELING OF SPECIMENS WITHIN THE LABORATORY
- I— PREVENTION OF AEROSOL AND DROPLET GENERATION
- 1— Introduction
- 2— Control of Aerosols and Droplets
- J— CONTAINMENT EQUIPMENT
- 1— Introduction
- 2— Biological Safety Cabinets
- 3— Pipetting Devices
- 4— Sonicators, Homogenizers, and Mixers
- 5— Clothing, Masks, and Face Shields
- K— BIOSAFETY IN LARGE-SCALE PRODUCTION
- 1— Introduction
- 2— Organization and Responsibilities
- 3— Containment
- 4— Inactivation
- 5— Disposal
- 6— Exposure
- 7— Conclusion
- L— BIOSAFETY IN PHYSICIANS' OFFICE LABORATORIES AND OTHER SMALL VOLUME CLINICAL LABORATORIES
- 4 Safe Disposal of Infectious Laboratory Waste
- A— INTRODUCTION
- B— INFECTIOUS POTENTIAL OF LABORATORY WASTE
- 1— Risks to the General Public's Health
- 2— Occupational Risks
- C— CHARACTERISTICS OF INFECTIOUS LABORATORY WASTE
- D— RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE SAFE HANDLING AND DISPOSAL OF INFECTIOUS WASTE
- 1— GENERATORS OF INFECTIOUS WASTE
- 2— Haulers and Waste Treatment Facilities
- E— WASTE HANDLING AND TREATMENT METHODS
- 1— Basic Principles
- 2— Containment
- 3— Personal Protection
- 4— Chemical Decontamination
- 5— Steam Autoclaving
- 6— Incineration
- 7— Validation of Decontamination Methods
- F— INFECTIOUS WASTE REQUIRING SPECIAL CONSIDERATION
- 1— Mixed Waste
- 2— Human Cadavers and Other Anatomical Waste
- 3— Animal Bedding materials
- 4— "Sharps"
- 5 Safety Management
- A— ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION AND RESPONSIBILITIES
- 1— Introduction
- 2— The Laboratory Safety Program
- a— Goals of a Laboratory Safety Program
- b— Responsibility for Laboratory Safety
- c— Safety Plans
- d— Safety Meetings and Safety Committees
- e— Safety Communications
- f— Monitoring Safety
- B— FACILITIES
- 1— Introduction
- 2— Laboratory Design
- a— Ventilation
- b— Electrical
- c— Water
- d— Sewage
- e— Vacuum
- f— Waste Handling
- g— Safety Equipment
- h— Traffic Flow Pattern
- i— Laundry
- j— Storage Areas
- 3— Constructing, Remodeling, and Decommissioning a Laboratory
- 4— Maintenance
- 5— Housekeeping
- C— OPERATIONS
- 1— Introduction
- 2— Safety Orientation and Continuing Education for Employees
- 3— Evaluation of Laboratory-Associated Hazards
- 4— Policy and Procedure Manuals
- 5— Accident Reports and Investigations
- 6— Recordkeeping
- 7— Auditing
- 8— Registry of Agents
- 9— Waste Management
- 10— Signs
- D— MEDICAL PROGRAM
- 1— General Principles
- 2— Conditions Increasing Employee Risk of Adverse Health Outcome
- a— Deficiencies of Host Defenses
- b— Reproductive Hazards
- c— Allergies
- 3— Program Design
- 4— Preplacement Examination (PPE)
- a— Medical History
- b— Occupational Health History
- c— Physical Examination
- d— Laboratory and Other Testing
- e— Serum Bank
- 5— Immunizations
- 6— Periodic Monitoring Examination (PME)
- 7— Postemployment Evaluation (PEE)
- 8— Agent-Specific Surveillance
- 9— Accident Reporting
- 10— Recordkeeping and Result Notification
- 11— Resources
- E— EMERGENCIES
- 1— Preparation and General Procedures
- a— Preparation
- b— General Emergency Procedures
- 2— Evacuation Procedures
- a— Emergency Alarm System
- b— Evacuation Routes
- c— Shutdown Procedures
- d— Start-Up Procedures
- e— Drills
- f— Power failure
- 3— Fires
- 4— Spills and Releases
- a— Infectious Agents
- b— Handling of Spilled Solids
- c— Biological Radioactive Emergencies
- 5— Other Emergencies
- F— REGULATION AND ACCREDITATION
- G— TEACHING BIOSAFETY IN ACADEMIC SETTINGS
- 1— Introduction
- 2— Safety in Laboratory Courses
- 3— Orientation and Training of Students
- 4— Design of Safe Laboratory Exercises and Experiments
- 5— Monitoring and Recordkeeping
- References
- Appendixes
- Appendix A Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories
- CONTENTS
- SECTION I— INTRODUCTION
- SECTION II— PRINCIPLES OF BIOSAFETY
- SECTION III— LABORATORY BIOSAFETY LEVEL CRITERIA
- SECTION IV— VERTEBRATE ANIMAL BIOSAFETY LEVEL CRITERIA
- SECTION V— RECOMMENDED BIOSAFETY LEVELS FOR INFECTIOUS AGENTS AND INFECTED ANIMALS
- AGENT SUMMARY STATEMENTS
- Parasitic Agents
- Agent: Nematode parasites of humans
- Agent: Protozoal parasites of humans
- Agent: Trematode parasites of humans
- Agent: Cestode parasites of humans
- Fungal Agents
- Agent: Blastomyces dermatitidis
- Agent: Coccidioides immitis
- Agent: Cryptococcus neoformans
- Agent: Histoplasma capsulatum
- Agent: Sporothrix schenckii
- Agents: Pathogenic members of the genera Epidermophyton, Microsporum , and Trichophyton
- Bacterial Agents
- Agent: Bacillus anthracis
- Agent: Brucella (B. abortus, B. canis, B. melitensis, B. suis)
- Agent: Chlamydia psittaci, C. trachomatis
- Agent: Clostridium botulinum
- Agent: Clostridium tetani
- Agent: Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Agent: Francisella tularensis
- Agent: Leptospira interrogans—all serovars
- Agent: Legionella pneumophila ; other Legionella -like agents
- Agent: Mycobacterium leprae
- Agent: Mycobacterium spp. other than M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, or M. Leprae
- Agent: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. bovis
- Agent: Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- Agent: Neisseria meningitidis
- Agent: Pseudomonas pseudomallei
- Agent: Salmonella cholera-suis, S. enteritidis —all serotypes
- Agent: Salmonella typhi
- Agent: Shigella spp.
- Agent: Treponema pallidum
- Agent: Vibrionic enteritis ( Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni, Vibrio cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus )
- Agent: Yersinia pestis
- Rickettsial Agents
- Agent: Coxiella burnetii
- Agent: Rickettsia akari, Rochalimaea quintana , and Rochalimaea vinsonii
- Agent: Rickettsia prowazekii, Rickettsia typhi (R. mooseri), Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, Rickettsia canada and Spotted Fever…
- Agent: Rickettsia rickettsii
- Viral Agents
- Agent: Hepatitis A virus
- Agent: Hepatitis B, hepatitis non-A non-B
- Agent: Herpesvirus simiae (B-virus)
- Agent: Herpesviruses
- Agent: Influenza virus
- Agent: Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus
- Agent: Poliovirus
- Agent: Poxviruses
- Agent: Rabies virus
- Agents: Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (Creutzfeldt-Jakob and kuru agents)
- Agent: Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)
- ARBOVIRUSES
- Arboviruses Assigned to Biosafety Level 2
- Arboviruses and Arenaviruses Assigned to Biosafety Level 3
- Arboviruses, Arenaviruses, or Filoviruses Assigned to Biosafety Level 4
- APPENDIX A BIOLOGICAL SAFETY CABINETS
- APPENDIX A IMMUNOPROPHYLAXIS
- APPENDIX A SURVEILLANCE OF PERSONNEL FOR LABORATORY-ASSOCIATED RICKETTSIAL INFECTIONS
- APPENDIX A IMPORTATION AND INTERSTATE SHIPMENT OF HUMAN PATHOGENS AND RELATED MATERIALS
- APPENDIX A RESTRICTED ANIMAL PATHOGENS
- APPENDIX A.6 RESOURCES FOR INFORMATION
- LITERATURE CITED
- Appendix B 1988 Agent Summary Statement for HIVs, Including HTLV-III, LAV, HIV-1, and HIV-2
- CONTENTS
- 1988 AGENT SUMMARY STATEMENT FOR HIVS, INCLUDING HTLV-III, LAV, HIV-1, AND HIV-2
- INTRODUCTION
- HIV AGENT SUMMARY STATEMENT AGENT: HIVS INCLUDING HTLV-III, LAV, HIV-1, AND HIV-2
- LABORATORY HAZARDS
- RECOMMENDED PRECAUTIONS
- ADDENDUM 1
- LABORATORY BIOSAFETY LEVEL CRITERIA
- Biosafety Level 2
- Biosafety Level 3
- VERTEBRATE ANIMAL BIOSAFETY LEVEL CRITERIA
- Animal Biosafety Level 2
- Animal Biosafety Level 3
- ADDENDUM 2— CDC CAUTIONARY NOTICE
- REFERENCES
- Appendix C Recommendations for Prevention of HIV Transmission in Health-Care Settings
- CONTENTS
- I— RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PREVENTION OF HIV TRANSMISSION IN HEALTH-CARE SETTINGS
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION OF HEALTH-CARE WORKERS
- HEALTH-CARE WORKERS WITH AIDS
- RISK TO HEALTH-CARE WORKERS OF ACQUIRING HIV IN HEALTH-CARE SETTINGS
- PRECAUTIONS TO PREVENT TRANSMISSION OF HIV
- Universal Precautions
- Precautions for Invasive Procedures
- Precautions for Dentistry
- Precautions for Autopsies or Morticians' Services
- Precautions for Dialysis
- Precautions for Laboratories
- ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR HIV TRANSMISSION
- Sterilization and Disinfection
- Survival of HIV in the Environment
- Housekeeping
- Cleaning and Decontaminating Spills of Blood or Other Body Fluids
- Laundry
- Infective Waste
- IMPLEMENTATION OF RECOMMENDED PRECAUTIONS
- SEROLOGIC TESTING FOR HIV INFECTION
- Background
- Testing of Patients
- Testing of Health-Care Workers
- MANAGEMENT OF INFECTED HEALTH-CARE WORKERS
- MANAGEMENT OF EXPOSURES
- REFERENCES
- II— UPDATE: UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS FOR PREVENTION OF TRANSMISSION OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS, HEPATITIS B VIRUS, AND…
- INTRODUCTION
- BODY FLUIDS TO WHICH UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS APPLY
- BODY FLUIDS TO WHICH UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS DO NOT APPLY
- PRECAUTIONS FOR OTHER BODY FLUIDS IN SPECIAL SETTINGS
- USE OF PROTECTIVE BARRIERS
- GLOVE USE FOR PHLEBOTOMY
- SELECTION OF GLOVES
- WASTE MANAGEMENT
- MMWR EDITORIAL NOTE
- REFERENCES
- Appendix D Summary of Zoonotic Pathogens Causing Disease in Man
- Appendix E Regulations Governing the Packaging, Labeling, and Transport of Infectious Agents
- Contents
- EXCERPT FROM CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS, TITLE 9, PART 122— ORGANISMS AND VECTORS
- STATEMENT FROM USDA'S ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH AND INSPECTION SERVICE ON REQUIREMENTS FOR IMPORTING CELL CULTURES
- VETERINARY SERVICES MARCH 1986 MEMORANDUM ON IMPORTATION OF CELL CULTURES INCLUDING HYBRIDOMAS
- Attachment 4—Procedure to Complete Trust Fund Agreement for Safety Testing of Cell Cultures, Includig Hybridomas
- EXCERPT FROM, AND INSTRUCTIONS BASED ON, CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS, TITLE 42, PART 71—FOREIGN QUARTINE: IMPORTATION OF…
- Appendix F Teaching Aids and Training Courses
- SOURCES OF TEACHING AIDS
- TRAINING COURSES
- Appendix G Regulation and Accreditation
- REGULATORY DEFINITIONS
- Accreditation
- Licensure
- Certification
- Equivalency or Reciprocity
- Guideline
- Inspections
- Law or Act
- Regulation
- Standards
- III— ACCREDITING BODIES
- Appendix H— List of Abbreviations
- Index
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