Controlling Hydrocarbon Emissions from Tank Vessel Loading

Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 9780309083683
eISBN Pdf: 9780309571326
Place of publication: United States
Year of digital publication: 1987
Month: January
Pages: 265
Language: English

Controlling Hydrocarbon Emissions from Tank Vessel Loading
Copyright
PREFACE
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
- THE FEASIBILITY OF VAPOR CONTROL
- SAFETY AND OPERATIONAL COMPLEXITY
- COSTS AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS
- POTENTIAL REGULATORY CONFLICT
- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
1 INTRODUCTION
- LAWS AND REGULATIONS CONCERNING AIR QUALITY AND MARITIME SAFETY
  - The Clean Air Act and the States
  - Coast Guard Authority in Marine Safety
- ESTIMATING EMISSIONS
  - Sources of Emissions
  - Emission Factors
  - Vessel Population
  - Trade
  - Emissions Calculations
  - Locations of Emissions
    - Loading Ports for Domestic Oil and Gasoline
    - Loading Ports for Crude Oil and Gasoline Exports
- FOCUS FOR ASSESSMENT
2 CURRENT PRACTICES ON TANK VESSELS
- INLAND TANK BARGES
  - Cargo Handling
    - Manning Requirements for Loading and Unloading
    - Loading and Discharging Procedures
- TANKSHIPS
  - Arrangement of Typical Tankship
    - Combination Carriers
    - Ocean Barges
  - Cargo Tank and Pipeline Arrangements
    - Product and Chemical Carriers
    - Crude Carriers
  - Cargo Pumps
  - Tank Ventilation
  - Inert Gas Systems
  - Ballast Arrangements
    - Segregated Ballast Tanks
    - Clean Ballast Tanks
    - Ballast in Cargo Tanks
  - Ullaging During Loading and Discharging
  - Manning and Personnel
    - Deck and Engine Officers
    - Unlicensed Personnel
  - Loading Procedures
  - Unloading Procedures
  - Washing Cargo Tanks
    - Water Washing
    - Crude Oil Washing
3 VAPOR CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
- MAXIMUM CONTROL OF EMISSIONS
  - Closed Loading of Tank Vessels
  - Hydrocarbon Vapor Recovery and Disposal Systems
    - When Combustion Is Preferable to Recovery
    - When Recovery Is Preferable to Combustion
    - Recovery Followed by Combustion
  - Combustion Processes
    - Open Flares
    - Enclosed Flares
    - Incineration
  - Recovery Processes
    - Lean Oil Absorption
    - Direct Refrigeration
    - Carbon Bed Adsorption
  - Alternative and Emerging Technologies
    - Catalytic Combustion
    - Vapor-Suppressing Foams
    - Molecular Layer Vapor Barrier
  - Biofiltration
  - Membrane Separation
- VAPOR BALANCING AS AN ADJUNCT TO VAPOR CONTROL
- OPERATING PROCEDURES TO REDUCE EMISSIONS FROM TANKSHIPS
  - Ballasting Emissions
  - Loading Emissions
    - Loading into Gas-Free Cargo Tanks
    - Loading to 70 Percent of Capacity
- HYDROCARBON VAPOR CONTROL SYSTEMS: ASSUMPTIONS FOR PURPOSES OF ASSESSMENT
  - Vapor Collection Headers
  - Tank Gauging and Alarms for Inerted Tank Vessels
  - Special Considerations for Tank Vessel Inert Gas Systems
  - Dockside Tank Level and Alarm System for Tank Barge Loading
  - Vapor-Handling System for Terminals
4 SAFETY CONCERNS
- ACCIDENT SCENARIOS
- HISTORICAL ACCIDENT DATA
  - General Marine Liquid Transfer Accident Data
  - Marine Liquid Transfer Accidents with Vapor Control and Recovery Systems
  - Vapor Control and Recovery Systems in the Petrochemical Industry
- POTENTIAL HAZARDS OF VAPOR CONTROL AND RECOVERY SYSTEMS
  - General Hazards
  - Specific Hazards of Vapor Control and Recovery Systems
    - Vapor Balancing
    - Carbon Adsorption
    - Combustion Systems
    - Absorption
    - Refrigeration
- TECHNOLOGIES TO REDUCE THE RISK OF FIRE AND EXPLOSION
  - Inerting or Enrichment of Vapors
  - Passive Safety Devices
- MITIGATION MEASURES
- RISK ANALYSIS
  - Secondary Impacts
5 COST-EFFECTIVENESS
- THE COST OF CONTROL
  - Capital Cost Estimates
    - Case 1
    - Case 2
    - Case 3
    - Case 4
    - Case 5
    - Case 6
    - Case 7
  - Operating and Maintenance Cost Estimates
- OPERATING COST ESTIMATES FOR INLAND BARGES
- COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF HYDROCARBON VAPOR EMISSION CONTROLS AT MARINE LOADING TERMINALS IN TEXAS
  - Methodology for Selecting Terminals
  - Cost of Control at Terminals
  - Cost of Control on Vessels
  - Control Effectiveness
  - Cost-Effectiveness at Selected Texas Terminals
  - Other Costs Not Accounted For
- COST-EFFECTIVENESS AS A FUNCTION OF TERMINAL THROUGHPUT
  - Capital and Operating Costs for Control System at Terminal
  - Vessel Retrofit Costs
  - Emission Factors
  - Cost-Effectiveness Curves
- COST-EFFECTIVENESS COMPARED TO CONTROL OF OTHER VOC SOURCES
6 CONSIDERATIONS IN DEVELOPING NEW POLICY
- FEDERAL AIR POLLUTION CONTROL AUTHORITY: THE CLEAN AIR ACT
- FEDERAL MARINE SAFETY REGULATORY AUTHORITY
- SAFETY AND OPERATIONAL COMPLEXITY
- ENERGY CONSERVATION AND THE CHOICE OF CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES
- INTERNATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
- IMPACTS ON COMMERCE
- REGULATORY ALTERNATIVES
  - Status Quo
  - Direct Federal Preemption
  - Coordinated Federal Regulatory Development Program
7 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
REFERENCES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX A BIOGRAPHIES OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS
APPENDIX B STATUS OF STATE AND LOCAL VAPOR CONTROL REQUIREMENTS AFFECTING MARITIME OPERATIONS
- SUMMARY OF AFFIRMATIVE RESPONSES TO QUESTIONS 1 AND 2
  - Alaska
  - South Coast Air Quality Management District
  - Bay Area Air Quality Management District
  - Florida
  - Puget Sound Air Pollution Control Agency
  - State of Michigan Department of Natural Resources
  - Wayne County, Detroit, Michigan
- RESPONSES TO QUESTION 5
  - California
  - Bay Area Air Quality Management District, California
  - South Coast Air Quality Management District, California
  - Connecticut
  - Illinois
  - Jefferson County, Louisville, Kentucky
  - Louisiana
  - Maryland
  - Wayne County, Detroit, Michigan
  - Ohio
  - Pennsylvania
  - Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
  - Texas
  - Houston, Texas
  - Puget Sound, Washington
- RESPONSES TO QUESTION 6: OTHER COMMENTS
  - Alabama
  - Anchorage, Alaska
  - Bay Area Air Quality Management District, California
  - Connecticut
  - Kentucky
  - Louisiana
  - Maryland
  - Texas
  - Puget Sound, Washington
APPENDIX C LEGAL ISSUES AFFECTING REGULATION OF VESSEL CARGO VAPOR EMISSIONS
- SURVEY AND STRUCTURE OF LEGAL AUTHORITIES
  - The Clean Air Act
    - Air Quality Control Regions
    - Air Quality Criteria
    - National Ambient Air Quality Standards
    - State Implementation Plans
    - Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources
    - Hazardous Air Pollutants
    - Prevention of Significant Deterioration
    - Nonattainment of the NAAQS
    - Emissions Trading Policy
    - Deadlines for Attainment
    - Litigation Involving Ozone Attainment
    - Clean Air Act Treatment of Vessel Emissions
      - Regulation Under the NRDC Case
      - Direct Regulation of Vessels by States
  - State Activity Pursuant to the CAA
    - California
    - Florida
    - Illinois
    - Maryland
    - New Jersey
    - Ohio
    - Pennsylvania
    - Texas
    - Virginia
    - Other States
  - Domestic Marine Safety Laws
    - Coast Guard Statutory Authority
    - Port and Tanker Safety Act of 1978
  - International Marine Safety and Pollution Conventions
    - The Role of IMO in U.S. Maritime Law
    - International Vapor Recovery Activity
- ANALYSIS OF OVERLAPPING INTERESTS
  - The Relation Between Coast Guard and EPA Authority
  - The Relation Between EPA and State Authority
    - The Clean Air Act: Silent on Vessels
    - Conditional EPA Approval: Jurisdictional Doubts
  - The Relation Between Coast Guard and State Authority
    - The Supremacy Clause
    - The Commerce Clause
  - International Considerations
    - Regulation of Foreign Commerce: More Rigorous Scrutiny
- CONCLUSION
- NOTES
- GLOSSARY OF TERMS
- COAST GUARD SPONSORED RESEARCH STUDIES
APPENDIX D CALCULATIONS OF VESSEL EMISSIONS
- CRUDE OIL EMISSIONS
- GASOLINE EMISSIONS
- CRUDE TAR, OIL AND GAS PRODUCT EMISSIONS
- EMISSIONS FROM ALCOHOLS
- BASIC CHEMICALS EMISSIONS
- EMISSIONS FROM MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS
- JET FUEL EMISSIONS
- KEROSENE EMISSIONS
- DISTILLATE (LIGHT) FUEL OIL EMISSIONS
- RESIDUAL (HEAVY) FUEL OIL EMISSIONS
- LUBE OIL EMISSIONS
- EMISSIONS FROM NAPHTHAS AND SOLVENTS
APPENDIX E TANK BARGE SURVEILLANCE--AN OVERVIEW
APPENDIX F LOADING OPERATION OF STRAIGHT CARGO GASOLINE INTO BARGES WITH DEEPWELL PUMPS
APPENDIX G CALCULATIONS OF COST-EFFECTIVENESS AS A FUNCTION OF TERMINAL THROUGHPUT
- SYSTEM ASSUMPTIONS
- CALCULATION APPROACH
- CALCULATED RESULTS
- REFERENCE

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Controlling Hydrocarbon Emissions from Tank Vessel Loading

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