Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants

Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 9780309061445
eISBN Pdf: 9780309592130
eISBN Epub: 9780309173841
Place of publication: United States
Year of digital publication: 1998
Month: July
Pages: 227
Language: English

Caption

The U.S. Air Force is developing a model to assist commanders in determining when it is safe to launch rocket vehicles. The model estimates the possible number and types of adverse health effects for people who might be exposed to the ground cloud created by rocket exhaust during a normal launch or during an aborted launch that results in a rocket being destroyed near the ground.

Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emmission Toxicants evaluates the model and the data used for three rocket emission toxicants: hydrogen chloride, nitrogen dioxide, and nitric acid.

Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants
Copyright
OTHER REPORTS OF THE BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY
OTHER REPORTS OF THE COMMITTEE ON TOXICOLOGY
PREFACE
Contents
ABBREVIATIONS
SUMMARY
- DESCRIPTION OF THE LATRA MODEL
- THE SUBCOMMITTEE'S CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  - TOXICOLOGICAL DATA BASE
  - IDENTIFICATION OF SENSITIVE SUBGROUPS
  - DEFINITION OF SEVERITY OF EFFECTS
  - STRUCTURE OF THE LATRA-ERF MODEL
1 INTRODUCTION
- DEVELOPMENT OF LATRA
- ORGANIZATION OF THIS REPORT
2 DESCRIPTION OF THE LAUNCH AREA TOXIC RISK ANALYSIS (LATRA) MODEL
- TOXICITY OF ROCKET EMISSIONS
- IDENTIFICATION OF SENSITIVE POPULATIONS
- DEFINITION OF SEVERITY OF EFFECTS
- SELECTION OF THE EXPOSURE-RESPONSE MODEL AND INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
- QUANTIFICATION OF THE EXPOSURE-RESPONSE FUNCTIONS
- REPRESENTATION OF UNCERTAINTIES
3 SUBPOPULATIONS SENSITIVE TO AIR CONTAMINATION
- LITERATURE REVIEW FOR SENSITIVE SUBPOPULATIONS
- CHEMICAL-SPECIFIC VARIATION IN HUMAN SENSITIVITY
  - HYDROGEN CHLORIDE
  - NITROGEN DIOXIDE
  - NITRIC ACID
  - OZONE
  - SULFUR DIOXIDE
- LIMITATIONS OF EXISTING STUDIES
- COMMON RISK-ASSESSMENT PRACTICES FOR SENSITIVE SUBPOPULATIONS
- DEFINING SENSITIVE POPULATIONS
- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  - DEFINING SENSITIVE SUBGROUPS
  - QUANTIFYING THE DEGREE OF DIFFERENCE IN SENSITIVITY BETWEEN SENSITIVE AND NORMAL SUBGROUPS
4 EFFECT SEVERITY
- PRECEDENT FOR SEVERITY DESCRIPTORS
  - SEVERITY OF EFFECT IN TOXICOLOGY
  - EPA DEFINITION OF ADVERSE EFFECTS
  - AMERICAN THORACIC SOCIETY DEFINITION OF ADVERSE EFFECTS
- LATRA'S USE OF THE TERM ''SEVERITY"
- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5 EVALUATION OF THE LATRA EXPOSURE-RESPONSE FUNCTIONS
- THE LATRA-ERF MODEL
  - SELECTION OF INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
  - CHOICE OF EXPOSURE-RESPONSE MODEL
  - SENSITIVE SUBGROUPS
  - SEVERITY OF EFFECTS
  - EXPOSURE-RESPONSE VALUES
  - REPRESENTATION OF UNCERTAINTIES
  - OTHER FEATURES OF LATRA
- ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES
  - GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS IN DOSE-RESPONSE MODELS
  - ORDINAL REGRESSION
  - MAXIMUM ENTROPY INFERENCE
  - HAZARD-QUOTIENT-HAZARD-INDEX APPROACH
- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  - SELECTION OF THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
  - CHOICE AND QUANTIFICATION OF EXPOSURE-RESPONSE MODEL
  - SENSITIVE SUBGROUPS
  - SEVERITY OF EFFECTS
  - REPRESENTATION AND PROPAGATION OF UNCERTAINTIES
  - OTHER FEATURES OF LATRA
6 EXPOSURE-RESPONSE FUNCTIONS FOR ROCKET-EMISSION TOXICANTS
- NITRIC ACID
  - HEALTHY ADULTS
  - SENSITIVE SUBJECTS
- HYDROGEN CHLORIDE
  - MORTALITY
  - CORNEAL OPACITY
  - DOSE-RESPONSE FOR MILD, MODERATE, AND SERIOUS EFFECTS
- NITROGEN DIOXIDE
  - MORTALITY
  - AIRWAY RESPONSIVENESS IN HUMANS
- CONTINUOUS (NONQUANTAL) MEASUREMENTS
- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
REFERENCES
Appendix A AIR FORCE EXPOSURE LIMITS FOR ROCKET EMISSIONS
- ROCKET EMISSIONS
- DEFINITIONS OF TIER LIMITS
- COMPARISON OF REWG TIER RECOMMENDATIONS AND LATRA ERFS
- REFERENCES
Appendix B DEFINITIONS OF CURRENT EXPOSURE GUIDANCE LEVELS
- REFERENCES
Appendix C AMERICAN THORACIC SOCIETY'S LIST OF ADVERSE RESPIRATORY HEALTH EFFECTS
- REFERENCES
Appendix D ACUTE TOXICITY OF HYDROGEN CHLORIDE
- BACKGROUND INFORMATION
  - PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
  - SOURCES AND OCCURRENCE
- PHARMACOKINETICS AND METABOLISM
- SUMMARY OF TOXICITY INFORMATION
  - EFFECTS IN HUMANS
    - One-Time Exposure
    - Accidental Exposures
    - Repeated Exposures
    - Potentially Sensitive Populations
  - EFFECTS IN ANIMALS
    - One-Time Exposure
    - Developmental and Reproductive Toxicities
    - One-Time Exposures--Combined Exposures Simulating Sensitive Populations
    - Repeated Exposures
- ESTABLISHED INHALATION EXPOSURE LIMITS
- EVALUATION OF TOXICITY INFORMATION
- RESEARCH NEEDS
- REFERENCES
Appendix E ACUTE TOXICITY OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE
- BACKGROUND INFORMATION
  - PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
  - SOURCES AND OCCURRENCE
- PHARMACOKINETICS AND METABOLISM
- SUMMARY OF TOXICITY INFORMATION
  - EFFECTS IN HUMANS
    - Accidental Exposures
    - Human Clinical Studies
    - Epidemiological Studies
  - EFFECTS IN ANIMALS
    - Mortality
    - Pulmonary Injury
    - Effects on Lung Function
    - Effects on Lung Biochemistry
    - Host Defense Mechanisms
    - Extrapulmonary Effects
- ESTABLISHED INHALATION EXPOSURE LIMITS
- EVALUATION OF TOXICITY INFORMATION
- RESEARCH NEEDS
- REFERENCES
Appendix F ACUTE TOXICITY OF NITRIC ACID
- BACKGROUND INFORMATION
  - PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
  - OCCURRENCE AND USE
- PHARMACOKINETICS AND METABOLISM
- SUMMARY OF TOXICITY INFORMATION
  - EFFECTS IN HUMANS
  - EFFECTS IN ANIMALS
- ESTABLISHED INHALATION EXPOSURE LIMITS
- EVALUATION OF TOXICITY INFORMATION
- RESEARCH NEEDS
- REFERENCES

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