This book contains a key component of the NII 2000 project of the Computer Science and Telecommunications Board, a set of white papers that contributed to and complements the project's final report, The Unpredictable Certainty: Information Infrastructure Through 2000, which was published in the spring of 1996. That report was disseminated widely and was well received by its sponsors and a variety of audiences in government, industry, and academia. Constraints on staff time and availability delayed the publication of these white papers, which offer details on a number of issues and positions relating to the deployment of information infrastructure.
- The Unpredictable Certainty
- Copyright
- Preface
- Contents
- 1 The National Information Infrastructure and the Earth Sciences: Possibilities and Challenges
- EARTH SCIENCE AND NETWORKS
- Data and Earth Science
- Earth Science and Information Systems
- Technical Requirements
- Technical Challenges
- THE HIDDEN IMPACTS
- Information Regulation
- The Network and Science
- The Network and Television
- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- NOTES
- 2 Government Services Information Infrastructure Management
- ABSTRACT
- BACKGROUND
- THE GSII: ANALYSIS
- APPLICATIONS AND AFFINITY GROUPS
- OPTIMIZING GSII AND NII COMPATIBILITY
- GSII PLAN
- FEDERAL VERSUS NONFEDERAL ISSUES FOR THE GSII
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- NOTES
- 3 Cutting the Gordian Knot: Providing the American Public with Advanced Universal Access in a Fully Competitive Marketplace…
- BACKGROUND
- The Advanced Universal Access Dilemma
- The Magnitude of Current Basic Service Subsidies and Proposed Broadband Service Subsidies Under Current Operating…
- The Need for a Separate Broadband Paradigm
- The Development of the Competitive Market for Broadband Services
- ADVANCED UNIVERSAL ACCESS DEPLOYMENT PLAN
- Phase 1: FCC-State Joint Board "Advanced Access Interface (AAI) Recognition Rulemaking Proceeding"
- Phase 2: Joint Board "Inverse Auction" Proceeding
- The Post-Award Competitive Marketplace
- Distribution of the Performance Payment and Market Growth Beyond the Initial Deployment Period
- Funding the Performance Payment
- Political Considerations
- CONCLUSION
- NOTES
- 4 The Role of Cable Television in the NII
- 5 Competing Definitions of "Openness" on the GII
- U.S. PRIVATE SECTOR DEFINITIONS OF OPENNESS
- Microsoft
- Computer Systems Policy Project
- The American Committee for Interoperable Systems
- Sun Microsystems
- Incentives and Openness
- GOVERNMENTAL AND INTERNATIONAL DEFINITIONS OF OPENNESS
- EUROBIT-ITIC-JEIDA
- United States
- European Union
- G-7 Nations
- CONCLUSION
- NOTES
- 6 Communications for People on the Move: A Look into the Future
- STATEMENT OF THE ISSUE
- BACKGROUND
- ANALYSIS AND FORECAST
- Unique Communication Services Required
- Crime Control
- Energy Conservation and Management
- Health Care and Fire/Emergency Management Systems
- Pollution Control
- Improving Industrial Productivity
- Allocation of Spectrum
- Phase I for NII Mobility
- Phase II for NII Mobility
- Growth of Wireless Systems
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- The Role of Government
- The Role of Standards
- SUMMARY
- 7 Building the NII: Will the Shareholders Come? (And if they Don't, Will Anyone Really Care?)
- BACKGROUND
- Customer Expectations
- Satisfying User Expectations
- ANALYSIS
- Relationships Between Network Investment and Shareholder Returns
- Relationships Between Capital Spending on Local Telephone Plant and Equipment and the Deployment of Advanced Network...
- Implications for Upgrading the NII
- The Internet Community's Stake in Local Network Investment
- PUBLIC POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS
- Immediately Replace All Legal and Regulatory Barriers to Market Entry with User-Friendly Interconnection Requirements
- Complete the Transition from Cost Plus Rate-of-Return Regulation to Price Regulation
- Allow Local Telephone Companies to Fashion New Business Models for Accommodating Internet Users
- NOTES
- 8 The Electronic Universe: Network Delivery of Data, Science, and Discovery
- ABSTRACT
- STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
- BACKGROUND
- ANALYSIS OF PRIMARY TRENDS
- LANs at All Locations
- IP Networking and Mix-and-Match Telecom
- Multimedia Workstations
- Broadcast Video to the Desktop
- Desktop Video Teleconferencing
- Multimedia Servers, Mosaic, and the World Wide Web
- Examples of Technology Uses
- ANALYSIS AND FORECAST: A LOOK TO THE FUTURE
- SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- NOTES
- 9 An SDTV Decoder with HDTV Capability: An All-Format ATV Decoder
- COST AND COMPLEXITY OF FULL-RESOLUTION HDTV DECODER COMPONENTS
- COST REDUCTIONS OF HDTV DECODER
- Picture-Storage Memory
- Pre-parser and Channel Buffer
- Syntax Parser and Variable-Length Decoder
- Inverse Quantization and Inverse Discrete Cosine Transform
- Motion Compensated Prediction (MCP)
- Complexity Comparisons
- PREDICTION DRIFT
- SIMULATION RESULTS
- CONCLUSIONS
- REFERENCES
- NOTES
- 10 NII and Intelligent Transport Systems
- INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
- THE GOVERNMENT ROLE
- ITS INFRASTRUCTURE REQUIREMENTS
- CONCLUSION
- NOTES
- 11 Post-NSFNET Statistics Collection
- ABSTRACT
- BACKGROUND
- DIMENSION OF THE PROBLEM
- Contractual and Logistical Issues
- Academic and Fiscal Issues
- Technical Issues
- Ethical Issues
- UTILITY OF ANALYSIS: EXAMPLES
- Long-Range Internet Growth Tracking
- Service Guarantees and Resource Reservation
- Accounting
- Web Traffic and Caching
- Regulation
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- Existing Work
- Switched Environments
- Dedicated Studies of IP Workloads
- Community Exchange
- CONCLUSION
- AUTHOR INFORMATION
- REFERENCES
- NOTES
- 12 NII Road Map: Residential Broadband
- METHODOLOGY
- RESIDENTIAL BROADBAND EVOLUTION
- RESIDENTIAL BROADBAND TODAY
- Access Architecture
- Residential Broadband: 3-Year View of Access Architecture
- Residential Broadband: 6-Year View of Architecture
- SUMMARY
- 13 The NII in the Home: A Consumer Service
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND
- Universal Access
- An Entertainment Service
- Localism
- ANALYSIS AND PROJECTION
- Cost to and Desires of the Consumer
- Technical and Economic Feasibility
- Digital HDTV
- Interactive Services
- The Consumer's Equipment in the Home
- Delivery Media
- Regulatory Issues
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- 14 Internetwork Infrastructure Requirements for Virtual Environments
- ABSTRACT
- Conclusions
- Recommendations
- OVERVIEW
- EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE TECHNOLOGIES
- Layered Models
- Internet Protocol
- Distributed Interactive Simulation
- World Wide Web
- Multicast
- SOFTWARE INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS
- Four Key Communication Methods
- Application Layer Interactivity
- Next-generation DIS
- Other Interaction Models
- Virtual Reality Modeling Language
- Vertical Interoperability
- HARDWARE INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS
- Research Testbed
- Other Problems
- APPLICATIONS
- Sports: Live 3D Stadium with Instrumented Players
- Military: 100,000-Player Problem
- Science: Virtual Worlds as Experimental Laboratories for Robots and People
- Interaction: Multiple CAVEs using ATM and VRML
- CONCLUSIONS
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- PROJECTIONS
- REFERENCES
- AUTHOR INFORMATION
- 15 Electric Utilities and the NII: Issues and Opportunities
- AN INDUSTRY IN TRANSITION
- The Organization of the Electric Utility Industry
- Utility Authority with Respect to Telecommunications
- Benefits of Energy Information Services
- ISSUES AND APPROACHES
- Economic Issues
- Recent Strategic Alliances
- Factors Influencing Strategic Alliances
- Technologies
- RECOMMENDATIONS AND ISSUES TO BE RESOLVED
- Technology Needs
- Regulatory and Legislative Issues
- REFERENCES
- 16 Interoperation, Open Interfaces, and Protocol Architecture
- ABSTRACT
- INTRODUCTION
- THE INTERNET PROTOCOLS AS AN EXAMPLE
- A PROPOSAL FOR A SPANNING LAYER
- OTHER EXAMPLES OF A SPANNING LAYER
- COMPARING APPROACHES TO INTEROPERATION
- SPANNING LAYERS—ONE OR MANY?
- WHAT IS OPENNESS?
- SYMMETRY—A FINAL ASPECT OF INTEROPERATION
- WORKING WITH HETEROGENEITY OR PAPERING OVER DIFFERENCES?
- COMPARISON TO OTHER MODELS
- The Network-Network Interface
- The Application-Application Interface
- The Appliance-Network Interface
- The Appliance-Application Interface
- Other Interfaces
- SUMMARY
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
- REFERENCES
- APPENDIX I MORE DETAIL ON THE BEARER SERVICE: WHAT IS IT EXACTLY? WHERE IS IT?
- NOTES
- 17 Service Provider Interoperability and the National Information Infrastructure
- ABSTRACT
- STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
- BACKGROUND
- Telecommunications Service Providers
- Telecommunications Services
- Emerging Infrastructure and Services
- Advanced Technologies
- Emerging Services
- ANALYSIS AND FORECAST
- Current Models for Interconnection
- LEC-IXC Interconnect
- Public Data Network Interconnection: X.75
- Internet
- Attributes of Service Provider Interconnection
- Key Trends Affecting Carrier Interoperability
- Summary
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- 18 Funding the National Information Infrastructure: Advertising, Subscription, and Usage Charges
- THE GROWTH OF COMMUNICATIONS MEDIA
- NEW COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES
- RECENT TRENDS IN COMMUNICATIONS-SECTOR CAPITAL FORMATION
- ADVERTISING VERSUS SUBSCRIBER FEES—THE IMPLICATIONS FOR ECONOMIC WELFARE
- REGULATING THE NII
- NOTES
- 19 The NII in the Home
- 20 The Evolution of the Analog Set-Top Terminal to a Digital Interactive Home Communications Terminal
- ABSTRACT
- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
- HOW THE ANALOG CABLE SET TOP EVOLVED
- More Channels and Better Signal Quality Using Analog Fiber
- Cable Becomes a System
- Digital Communications with Analog TV Signals: An Added Dimension
- Migration Strategy for Broadband Cable Systems of the Future
- COST DRIVERS FOR THE FULLY INTERACTIVE HOME COMMUNICATIONS TERMINAL
- REQUIREMENT FOR INTEROPERABILITY AND INDUSTRY STANDARDS
- CONCLUDING REMARKS
- REFERENCE
- 21 Spread ALOHA Wireless Multiple Access: The Low-Cost Way for Ubiquitous, Tetherless Access to the Information...
- STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
- BACKGROUND
- The Market: What People Want and Need
- The Market: Quantization
- Existing and Near-Term Marketplace Alternatives
- The Technology
- ANALYSIS AND FORECAST
- General
- Economic Advantages
- System Issues
- Frequency Spectrum
- Network Infrastructure
- Remote User Terminal Communications Devices
- Strategic Relationships
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- Forum for Development of Wireless Infrastructure
- PCS Data Standards
- Integrate Tetherless Approach with NII Planning
- ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
- NOTES
- 22 Plans for Ubiquitous Broadband Access to the National Information Infrastructure in the Ameritech Region
- STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
- DEPLOYMENT PLANS FOR THE AMERITECH REGION
- TECHNICAL ARCHITECTURE
- SYSTEM CAPACITY
- ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
- CONCLUSIONS
- 23 How Do Traditional Legal, Commercial, Social, and Political Structures, When Confronted with a New Service, React and...
- STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
- BACKGROUND
- The Old Paradigm: Government Ownership and Monopoly Service
- A Changed Consensus
- ANALYSIS
- Political Issues
- Legal Issues
- Standards Setting
- REGIONAL STUDIES
- Asia
- Europe
- Africa
- Latin America
- FORECAST AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- The International Internet versus Local Networks
- Leaders versus Followers
- Obstacles to the International Internet
- CONCLUSION
- NOTES
- 24 The Internet, the World Wide Web, and Open Information Services: How to Build the Global Information Infrastructure
- SUMMARY
- THE OPPORTUNITY TO BUILD A GLOBAL INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE
- THE WORLD WIDE WEB AND THE REVOLUTION IN INFORMATION SERVICES
- THE CURRENT SITUATION AND SOME PRINCIPLES FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
- VERMEER TECHNOLOGIES AND ITS MISSION
- 25 Organizing the Issues
- SUMMARY
- THE RESIDENTIAL HOME MARKET
- "COMPETITION" AND THE CLOSED CHARACTER OF CABLE TV
- FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL REGULATION
- Interconnection and Regulation
- Role for States and Localities
- A MANDATE FOR BROADBAND CONNECTION TO THE INTERNET
- 26 The Argument for Universal Access to the Health Care Information Infrastructure: The Particular Needs of Rural Areas...
- STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
- BACKGROUND
- ANALYSIS
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- Basic Levels of Service
- Physical Access Unit
- Access Modality
- Method of Funding Universal Access
- REFERENCES
- NOTES
- 27 Toward a National Data Network: Architectural Issues and the Role of Government
- BASIC CONCEPTS
- BACKGROUND
- ASSUMPTIONS
- STUDY METHODOLOGY
- Network Architecture
- Traffic Model
- Circuit Cost Model
- Equipment Cost Model
- Management Cost Model
- RESULTS
- Agency Model
- Government Model
- NII Model
- Investment Costs
- CONCLUSIONS
- NOTES
- 28 Statement on National Information Infrastructure Issues
- STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
- AREAS AND EXAMPLES
- INTERACTION AMONG TECHNICAL AND NONTECHNICAL (LEGAL/REGULATORY, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL) FACTORS
- CONTINGENCIES AND UNCERTAINTIES
- USERS
- MARKET RAMP-UP
- REFERENCES
- 29 Proposal for an Evaluation of Health Care Applications on the NII
- STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM AND ISSUES
- PROJECTIONS REGARDING THE PROBLEM AND RELATED ISSUES
- STATUS OF KEY DEVELOPMENTS
- INTERACTION BETWEEN TECHNICAL AND NONTECHNICAL FACTORS
- CONTINGENCIES AND UNCERTAINTIES
- KEY APPLICATIONS, ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES, AND CAPABILITIES
- CLASSES OF USERS
- PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR RESPONSES
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- REFERENCE
- 30 The Internet—A Model: Thoughts on the Five-Year Outlook
- 31 The Economics of Layered Networks
- STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
- BACKGROUND: CONVERGENCE AND EMERGING COMPETITION
- ANALYSIS
- Theoretical Approaches to the Economics of Pricing Under Differing Market Structures
- Layered Networks
- Competition at the Bottom Layer
- Competition among Internet Service Providers
- Economics of Resale
- Implications for Unbundled Bearer Services
- CONCLUSIONS
- NOTES
- 32 The Fiber-Optic Challenge of Information Infrastructures
- 33 Cable Television Technology Deployment
- TRENDS IN CABLE TELEVISION NETWORK DEPLOYMENT
- The Evolution of Cable
- The Role of Fiber Optics
- The Transition to Digital Television
- Advanced Television
- Regional Interconnection
- Information Technology Convergence
- OUTLOOK FOR FUTURE DEPLOYMENT OF CABLE TELEVISION ARCHITECTURE
- BARRIERS TO FUTURE DEPLOYMENT OF CABLE NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
- TRENDS IN TELEPHONY DEPLOYMENT
- OUTLOOK FOR DEPLOYMENT OF TELEPHONY SERVICES
- PERSONAL COMMUNICATION SERVICE
- BARRIERS TO DEPLOYMENT OF TELEPHONY SERVICES
- TRENDS IN DEPLOYMENT OF PERSONAL COMPUTER-BASED SERVICES
- Information Services
- Internet Access
- LAN Interconnection
- Cablecommuting
- Research Support
- OUTLOOK FOR PC-BASED APPLICATIONS
- BARRIERS TO DEPLOYMENT OF PC-BASED SERVICES
- TRENDS IN THE DEPLOYMENT OF INTERACTIVE TELEVISION
- Video on Demand
- Interactive Entertainment
- Education and Distance Learning
- Interactive Program Guides and Navigators
- Interactive Shopping and Advertising
- Games
- Health Care
- OUTLOOK FOR INTERACTIVE TELEVISION
- BARRIERS TO DEPLOYMENT OF INTERACTIVE TELEVISION
- CONCLUSION
- ADDENDUM
- Telephony
- PC-Based Applications
- Interactive Television
- 34 Privacy, Access and Equity, Democracy, and Networked Interactive Media
- GENERAL CONTEXT—THE ELECTRONIC FRONTIER
- TODAY'S CONTEXT: WHICH WAY TO THE FUTURE?
- PRIVACY
- The Right to be Left Alone
- The Ability to Restrict Disclosure and Use of Personal Information
- Privacy and the Law
- ACCESS AND EQUITY
- Access to Networked Interactive Media
- The Capacity to Use Networked Interactive Media
- Realizing Access and Equity
- DEMOCRACY
- Information and Community Are Power
- Teledemocracy and Control
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- 35 As We May Work: An Approach Toward Collaboration on the NII
- ABSTRACT
- STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
- RELATED INITIATIVES
- Community Networks
- The European Approach
- The Digital Library
- VANNEVAR BUSH AND THE NEW TECHNOLOGIES
- ANALYSIS
- CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- REFERENCES
- 36 The Use of the Social Security Number as the Basis for a National Citizen Identifier
- STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
- BACKGROUND
- ANALYSIS AND FORECAST
- Value of a Universal Citizen Identifier
- Requirements for a Universal Citizen Identifier
- Validation of the UCI
- Arguments for Advantages of Using the SSN Over Other Proposals
- The Case for a Single Identifier for All Purposes
- Confidentiality, Privacy, and Security
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
- ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
- 37 Estimating the Costs of Telecommunications Regulation
- WIRELESS ZONING
- Zoning the Airwaves
- Zoning of Cellular
- WIRELINE ZONING
- Zoning of Telephone
- Zoning of Cable
- COSTS OF FEDERAL ZONING
- Lower-Value Use of Spectrum
- Zoning-induced Reduction in Competition
- Restrictions and Delays in the Provision of New Services
- Rent-Seeking Activities
- MODELS OF DEZONING
- DBS Dezoned
- Broadcast Dezoned
- Market-based Allocation of Spectrum
- CONCLUSION
- NOTES
- 38 Residential PC Access: Issues with Bandwidth Availability
- ABSTRACT
- STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
- BACKGROUND
- The Business Environment as an Illustrative Example
- The Current Residential Environment
- ANALYSIS, DIRECTIONS IN THE RESIDENTIAL ENVIRONMENT, AND FORECASTS
- Access Network Technologies
- Bandwidth and Parallelism
- Openness of Access
- Openness of Content and the Development of New Services
- Openness of Equipment
- Affordability
- AN ARCHITECTURE FOR A LONG-TERM RESIDENTIAL NII
- RECOMMENDATIONS—REQUIREMENTS FOR WIDESPREAD PC ACCESS
- CONCLUSIONS
- 39 The National Information Infrastructure: A High-Performance Computing and Communications Perspective
- ABSTRACT
- INTRODUCTION
- ROLE OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT IN INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE
- RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HIGH-PERFORMANCE TECHNOLOGIES AND THE NII
- THREE-LAYER NATIONAL INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE ARCHITECTURE
- NATIONAL CHALLENGE APPLICATIONS
- SERVICES
- Overview
- Considerations in Constructing the National Information Infrastructure
- Information Enterprise Elements
- THE FEDERAL HPCC PROGRAM AND THE NII
- Overview
- Information Infrastructure Services
- System Development and Support Environments
- Intelligent Interfaces
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
- 40 Nomadic Computing and Communications
- ABSTRACT
- INTRODUCTION
- NOMADIC COMPUTING
- Systems Issues
- Wireless Networking Issues
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
- NOTES
- 41 NII 2000: The Wireless Perspective
- ABSTRACT
- INTRODUCTION
- Personal Communications Industry Association
- Personal Communication Service
- Interoperability and Interworking
- Market Forecast
- DEPLOYMENT OF THE NATIONAL INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE
- Site Acquisition Issues
- Issues at the Local Level
- Site Acquisitions on Federal Property
- FAA Tower Review Process
- Federal Radio Frequency Emissions Standard
- Interconnection
- Interconnection with Local Exchange Carriers
- Mutual Compensation
- Numbering Issues
- Number Portability
- Industry Efforts to Address Number Portability
- PUBLIC SERVICE OBLIGATIONS
- Universal Service
- Wireless Access to Enhanced 911 Emergency Services
- CONCLUSIONS
- NOTES
- 42 Small Manufacturing Enterprises and the National Information Infrastructure
- STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
- OVERVIEW
- BACKGROUND
- SMEs and the Economy
- SMEs and the NII
- Factors Affecting SMEs' Adoption of Technology
- ANALYSIS
- Diffusion of Technology
- SME Decisionmaking
- SME Learning
- The Structural Issue: Of What Benefit Are a Few Telephones?
- Summary: The Key Concepts
- Implications for SMEs and the NII
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- A Strategy for Setting Priorities for NII Services to SMEs
- A Strategy for Public-Private-University Partnerships
- REFERENCES AND NOTES
- 43 Architecture for an Emergency Lane on the NII: Crisis Information Management
- STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
- STATE OF PRESENT PLAY
- ANALYSIS OF FACTORS INFLUENCING THE REALIZATION OF AN EMERGENCY LANE ON THE NII
- THE BARRIER FOR CULTURAL CHANGE
- FORECAST FOR THE NEXT FIVE TO SEVEN YEARS
- RECOMMENDATIONS: AN ARCHITECTURE FOR THE EMERGENCY LANE ON THE NII
- The Crisis Communications Management Architecture
- The Communications Grid
- The Regional Hubs
- The Command and Control Complexes
- The Information Centers
- The Tactical Grid
- CONCLUSIONS
- REFERENCES
- 44 Aspects of Integrity in the NII
- THREATS TO NII INTEGRITY
- LESSONS LEARNED THAT ARE APPLICABLE TO THE NII
- IMPROVING NETWORK ROBUSTNESS
- CONCLUSIONS
- Bibliography
- 45 What the NII Could Be: A User Perspective
- ABSTRACT
- INTRODUCTION
- TERMINOLOGY
- CONNECTIVITY ISSUES
- Logical Connectivity of a Network
- Application Connectivity
- USER PERSPECTIVE
- Connectivity
- Mobility
- Openness to New Applications
- Quality of Service
- Security and Privacy
- Application Scalability and Configurability
- Pricing
- CONCLUSIONS
- 46 Role of the PC in Emerging Information Infrastructures
- THE PERSONAL COMPUTER INDUSTRY
- Its History
- The Growth of the Home Market
- Today's Capabilities
- Tomorrow's Capabilities
- The Structure of the Industry
- KEY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE TELEVISION AND PERSONAL COMPUTER INDUSTRIES
- Purpose
- Features
- Evolution
- Interactivity
- Connectivity
- A Word About the Telephone Industry
- HOW WILL THE PC BECOME UBIQUITOUS
- Requirements for NII
- What Can/Should the Government Do and Not Do
- SUMMARY
- 47 NII Evolution—Technology Deployment Plans, Challenges, and Opportunities: AT&T Perspective
- STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
- BACKGROUND
- Bandwidth, Physical Media, and Technologies
- Intelligent Features
- Messaging
- Mobility
- Interoperability and Openness
- AT&T'S PLANS, CHALLENGES, AND OPPORTUNITIES
- Communications Services: Initiatives and Directions
- Transport Technologies and Services—Alternatives
- Intelligent Features and Collaboration Tools
- Consumer Service and Product Initiatives and Challenges
- AT&T Initiatives and Directions—Information Resources
- Challenges and Uncertainties
- Access Alternatives
- Other Challenges
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- 48 Enabling Petabyte Computing
- STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
- BACKGROUND
- ANALYSIS AND FORECAST
- Database Technology
- Archival Storage Technology
- Data-Caching Technology
- Future Systems
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- REFERENCES
- 49 Private Investment and Federal National Information Infrastructure Policy
- INTRODUCTION AND STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
- EXISTING NETWORK DEPLOYMENT AND DEFINITIONS
- ANALYSIS OF PROBLEMS AND ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS
- Barrier 1: Limited Local Calling Areas Requiring Toll Access
- Barrier 2: Long Loops with Load Coils and Station Carrier
- Barrier 3: Interconnection Availability and Distance
- Barrier 4: Limited But Great Needs
- Barrier 5: High Cost Due to Poor Economies of Scale
- RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUMMARY
- 50 Thoughts on Security and the NII
- STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
- BACKGROUND
- Threat and Protection Models
- Deterrents
- Law-Enforcement Resources
- Analysis and Forecast
- Threat and Protection Models
- Deterrents
- Law-Enforcement Resources
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- Research Activities
- Legislative Activities
- Law-Enforcement Landscape
- ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
- 51 Trends in Deployments of New Telecommunications Services by Local Exchange Carriers in Support of an Advanced National...
- STATEMENT OF THE CHALLENGE
- BACKGROUND: EVOLUTION OF THE NETWORKS
- Conversion of Networks from Analog to Digital Technologies
- The Advanced Intelligent Network
- Advanced Digital Access
- Services to Support People on the Move
- FORECAST
- Advanced Intelligent Network
- Integrated Services Digital Network
- Higher-Speed Switched and Nonswitched Services
- Wireless
- Internet
- Broadband Access
- Dependable, Usable Networks
- BROAD RECOMMENDATIONS
- NOTES
- 52 The Future NII/GII: Views of Interexchange Carriers
- SUMMARY
- INTRODUCTORY ASSUMPTIONS
- THE VISION: WHAT IS THE NII/GII?
- THE ROLE OF INTEREXCHANGE CARRIERS
- Today's Role
- Tomorrow's Roles
- ARCHITECTURE
- Network Intelligence
- Long-Distance Transport
- Last-mile Connections
- Numbering Plans
- NEW SERVICES
- Enhanced "Phone Calls"
- Personal Numbers
- "Find-Me-Anywhere" Service
- Messaging Services
- Multimedia Services
- Digital Services
- Financial and Other Transaction Processing
- New Billing Mechanisms
- THE SUCCESSOR TO "UNIVERSAL SERVICE": ACCESS TO THE NETWORK
- FRAUD PREVENTION
- REGULATORY ISSUES
- A Fair Chance for All Providers
- Equitable Access
- Spectrum Management
- International Regulations
- GOVERNMENT ROLES
- THE NEXT 5 TO 7 YEARS?
- NOTES
- 53 Technology in the Local Network
- HISTORY OF THE LOCAL NETWORK
- Transmission Media and Multiplexing
- Switching Equipment
- Signaling
- Telephones and Other Station Apparatus
- FUTURE EVOLUTION OF THE LOCAL NETWORK
- THE LOCAL NETWORK AND THE NATIONAL INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE
- PLANNING FOR THE FUTURE OF THE LOCAL NETWORK
- NOTES
- 54 Recognizing What the NII is, What it Needs, and How to Get it
- STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
- SUMMARY
- BACKGROUND
- ANALYSIS AND FORECAST: WHAT BUILD-OUT WILL PCS REQUIRE?
- WHAT'S THE PROBLEM?
- WHAT SHOULD BE DONE?
- NOTES
- 55 Electronic Integrated Product Development as Enabled by a Global Information Environment: A Requirement for Success in...
- STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
- BACKGROUND
- The Early Days
- Growth and Decline
- Return to Basics
- Status and Challenge
- FORECAST
- ANALYSIS
- Elements Necessary for Success
- Automation Enablers
- Lessons from Experience
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- A Collaborative Information Environment
- Small and Medium-Size Businesses
- Standards
- Affordable and Timely Implementation
- Access and Security
- Self-Diagnosis and Prescription
- An Information Environment Atlas
- Forums and Mechanisms
- 56 Interoperability, Standards, and Security: Will the NII be Based on Market Principles?
- BACKGROUND
- THE NII: NOT SYNONYMOUS WITH THE INTERNET
- ACHIEVING OPEN SYSTEMS
- WHO SHOULD SET THE STANDARDS?
- UNLESS SECURITY AND PRIVACY ARE PROTECTED, THE NII WILL NOT REACH ITS FULL POTENTIAL AS A PLATFORM FOR ELECTRONIC COMMERCE
- CONCLUSION
- NOTES
- 57 Technology and Cost Models for Connecting K-12 Schools to the National Information Infrastructure
- ABSTRACT
- INTRODUCTION
- Cost Models of K-12 Networking
- Assumptions
- Technology Standard for Connecting to the NII
- Architecture of the District Network
- COST AREAS
- Instructional Use of the Network
- School Characteristics
- COST MODELS
- Single-PC Dial-up (Model One)
- LAN with Shared Modem (Model Two)
- Lan with Router (Model Three)
- LAN with Local Server and Dedicated Line (Model Four)
- Ubiquitous LAN with Local Server and High-Speed Line
- COST COMPARISON OF MODELS
- POTENTIAL IMPACT OF COST-REDUCTION INITIATIVES
- CONCLUSIONS
- Bibliography
- 58 Geodata Interoperability: A Key NII Requirement
- STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
- BACKGROUND
- The Importance of Geospatial Information and Geoprocessing Services
- The Importance of Interoperability Standards to NII-based Applications
- ANALYSIS AND FORECAST
- Contingencies and Uncertainties
- The OGIS
- Object Technology
- The OGIS Architecture
- Other Emergent IT Standards and their Relationship to OGIS
- Factors in Making the Business Case: Who will Build the OGIS and Why?
- Who will Use the OGIS and Why?
- What Can the Federal Government Do to Facilitate the Process?
- Projections, Including Barriers
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- How Can the Problem of Geodata Noninteroperability Be Addressed by a Public and Private Partnership?
- REFERENCES
- 59 Electronic Commerce
- ELECTRONIC COMMERCE TODAY
- ELECTRONIC COMMERCE TOMORROW: BUILDING THE INFRASTRUCTURE
- ISSUES RELATED TO ELECTRONIC COMMERCE ACTIVITIES
- Sample Commercial Scenario
- Sample Retail Consumer Scenario
- SCOPE OF PROPOSED ELECTRONIC COMMERCE INFRASTRUCTURE FRAMEWORK
- Electronic Commerce Activities and Functions
- Advertising and Shopping
- Negotiating
- Ordering
- Billing
- Payment and Settlement
- Distribution and Receipt
- Accounting
- Customer Service
- Information and Knowledge Processing
- A MODEL FOR ELECTRONIC COMMERCE
- Electronic Commerce Architecture
- Infrastructure Services
- Communications Services
- Common Security Mechanisms
- Access Control Services
- Translator Services
- Software Agent Management and Communications Infrastructure
- Distributed Information Resource Discovery and Retrieval Services
- Electronic Commerce Building Blocks: Objects and Object Classes
- General Properties of Digital Objects
- Some Important Electronic Commerce Digital Objects
- Contracts
- Information Documents
- Accounts
- Software Agents
- Objects for Sale or Exchange
- Transactions
- APIs: Infrastructure Standards
- 60 Prospects and Prerequisites for Local Telecommunications Competition: Public Policy Issues for the NII
- COMPETITION IN THE LAST SEGMENT OF THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY
- The Current Status of Competition in Local Telecommunications Services
- Legality of Competition
- Technical Feasibility
- Central Office Interconnection Arrangements
- Connections to Unbundled Network Elements
- Seamless Integration into LEC Interoffice Networks and Seamless Integration into LEC Signaling Networks
- Equal Status in and Control over Network Databases
- Equal Rights to and Control over Number Resources
- Local Telephone Number Portability
- Cooperative Practices and Procedures
- Economic Viability
- Universal Service
- PROSPECTS FOR LOCAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPETITION
- CONCLUSION
- NOTES
- 61 The Awakening 3.0: PCs, TSBs, or DTMF-TV—Which Telecomputer Architecture is Right for the Next Generation's Public Network
- ABSTRACT
- STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
- BACKGROUND
- ANALYSIS AND FORECAST
- Video Dialtone(s)
- Telco (VD-1) and Cable (VD-2) Subscribers: One and the Same (VD-3)
- I Have an Address … Therefore I Am
- Utility Potential Comes from Controlled Flow
- LATAS, MSAS, RSAS, MTAS, AND BTAS: THE ISSUE OF TERRITORY
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- Set a National Goal
- Develop a National Channel Numbering Plan
- Define the Classes of Service
- Develop a PTN Test and Demonstration
- Offer the Prize
- REFERENCES
- 62 Effective Information Transfer for Health Care: Quality versus Quantity
- STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
- BACKGROUND AND PROBLEM DESCRIPTION
- ANALYSIS
- Services for the Health Care Provider
- Management and Public Health Needs
- Education
- Decision Support
- Protection of Privacy
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- REFERENCES
- 63 Integrating Technology with Practice: A Technology-enhanced, Field-based Teacher Preparation Program
- STATE INITIATIVE CENTERS FOR PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY
- Focus of the State Initiative
- Systemic Development and Evaluation
- THE TEXAS EDUCATION COLLABORATIVE
- Teacher Education Programs and Environments for Teaching and Learning
- State-of-the-art Teaching Practices, Curriculum, and Instructional Knowledge
- GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE OF THE TEC
- BUDGET
- SUMMARY OF TEC ACTIVITIES
- Technology Hardware and Software Acquisitions
- Year One
- Year Two
- Year Three (First Quarter)
- Staff Development: Teachers, Administration, and University Faculty
- Year One
- Year Two
- Year Three (First Quarter)
- Development of Teacher Preparation/Pre-service Courses
- Year One
- Year Two
- Year Three (First Quarter)
- A COLLABORATIVE MODEL FOR TEACHER PREPARATION
- Collaboration
- Restructuring Teacher Preparation
- Three New Teacher Preparation Programs
- Additional Staff and Role Changes
- Staff Development
- Technology
- Distance Learning
- Internet
- Multimedia Projects for the Classroom
- 64 RegNet: An NPR Regulatory Reform Initiative Toward NII/GII Collaboratories
- SUMMARY
- STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
- BACKGROUND
- X-Axis: Information Technology
- Y-Axis: Regulatory Functions
- Z-Axis: Government Agencies and Customers
- THE PLAN
- RegNet—A Human and Technology-based Definition
- RegNet—A Citizen-based Definition
- RegNet—A Concept and Initiative for Regulatory Reform and Economic Development
- Deployment Issues
- THE DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS
- Demonstration Project One: Collaborative Participatory Rule-Making Environment—RuleNet
- Phase One: Activities Captured on the Fly
- Phase Two: Extensions for RegNet
- Demonstration Project Two: Virtual Regulatory Negotiations: Pilot Testing 3-D Technologies
- Project Goals—First Year
- Project Goals—Second Year:
- Demonstration Project Three: Virtual Regulatory Environment
- Statement of Problem
- Support for the End User
- Proposed Work
- Serving as a Model
- System Features
- Use in this Project
- A Testbed Project
- A 3-D Annotation System for Note-taking and Note-sharing
- Demonstration Project Four: Intelligent Distributed Access to Regulatory Information
- Demonstration Project Five: Rural Government Testbed Project
- Problem Definition
- Location for the Project—Champaign County, Illinois
- Project Concept and Dimensions
- Rural Government Testbed: Application 1
- Rural Government Testbed: Application 2
- Rural Government Testbed Technology
- CONCLUSIONS
- STATUTES AND EXECUTIVE ORDERS
- NOTE
- REFERENCES
- APPENDIX
- 65 Electronic Document Interchange and Distribution Based on the Portable Document Format, an Open Interchange Format
- ABSTRACT
- BACKGROUND
- Final Form and Revisable Form Interchange
- Requirement for Page Fidelity
- Requirements for a Final Form Document Interchange Format
- AN ARCHITECTURAL BASIS FOR INTERCHANGE
- The Architecture for Document Preparation
- The Architecture of the Document Representation
- The User Model for PDF Documents
- The Abstract Model of a PDF Document: A Tree
- The Representation of the Abstract Tree
- The PDF File Structure
- Resources
- Hyperlinks
- Extensibility
- The Architecture for Extensions
- DEPLOYMENT AND THE FUTURE
- CONCLUSION
Text
Audio
Adobe DRM
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