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Research Required to Support Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Monitoring

Research Required to Support Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Monitoring

  • Publisher: National Academies Press
  • ISBN: 9780309058261
  • eISBN Pdf: 9780309590792
  • eISBN Epub: 9780309174503
  • Place of publication:  United States
  • Year of digital publication: 1997
  • Month: August
  • Pages: 151
  • DDC: 600
  • Language: English

On September 24, 1996, President Clinton signed the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty at the United Nations Headquarters. Over the next five months, 141 nations, including the four other nuclear weapon states—Russia, China, France, and the United Kingdom—added their signatures to this total ban on nuclear explosions. To help achieve verification of compliance with its provisions, the treaty specifies an extensive International Monitoring System of seismic, hydroacoustic, infrasonic, and radionuclide sensors. This volume identifies specific research activities that will be needed if the United States is to effectively monitor compliance with the treaty provisions.

  • RESEARCH REQUIRED TO SUPPORT COMPREHENSIVE NUCLEAR TEST BAN TREATY MONITORING
  • Copyright
  • Preface
  • Contents
  • Executive Summary
    • SEISMOLOGY
    • HYDROACOUSTICS
    • INFRASOUND
    • RADIONUCLIDES
    • RESEARCH SYNERGY
    • DATA ACCESS
    • RESEARCH FUNDING AND PROGRAM BALANCE
    • OPPORTUNITIES FOR TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
  • 1 Introduction: The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
    • 1.1 NUCLEAR TESTING TREATIES
    • 1.2 REQUIREMENT OF SAFEGUARDS
    • 1.3 ROLE OF SCIENCE IN NUCLEAR TEST TREATY MONITORING
    • 1.4 MONITORING COMPLIANCE WITH THE CTBT
    • 1.5 THE INTERNATIONAL MONITORING SYSTEM
    • 1.6 U.S. OPERATIONS, RESEARCH, AND DEVELOPMENT STRUCTURES
    • 1.7 TRANSITIONS IN THE U.S. RESEARCH PROGRAM
  • 2 CTBT Monitoring Technical Challenges that Drive Research
    • INTRODUCTION
    • 2.1 PHYSICAL PHENOMENA: SOURCE EXCITATION, SIGNAL PROPAGATION, AND RECORDING
      • Atmospheric or Space Explosions
      • Underwater Explosions
      • Underground Explosions
    • 2.2 FUNCTIONS OF MONITORING SYSTEMS
      • Event Detection
        • Signal Tuning
        • Detection Algorithms
        • Onset Estimation
      • Association
      • Source Location
      • Size Estimation
        • Effects of Decoupling
      • Source Identification
      • Attribution
        • Attribution on the Basis of Location
        • Attribution on the Basis of Debris or Artifacts
      • On-Site Inspection
    • 2.3 MONITORING INFRASTRUCTURE
  • 3 Monitoring Technologies: Research Priorities
    • INTRODUCTION
    • 3.1 SEISMOLOGY
      • Major Technical Issues
      • Detection
      • Association
      • Location
      • Size Estimation
      • Identification
      • Summary of Research Priorities Associated with Seismic Monitoring
    • 3.2 HYDROACOUSTICS
      • Major Technical Issues
      • Detection
      • Association and Location
      • Identification
      • Summary of Research Priorities Associated with Hydroacoustic Monitoring
    • 3.3 INFRASONICS
      • Major Technical Issues
      • Detection
        • Development of a Sensor with Extended Response, Temperature Stability, and High Accuracy
        • Improved Spatial Filter Design
        • Improved Knowledge of Noise Sources in the Turbulent Boundary Layer
        • Improved Array Design
        • High-Frequency Sampling of Infrasound Signals
        • Improved Signal Processing
        • Calibration and Testing
      • Association and Location
      • Size Estimation
      • Source Identification
      • Attribution
      • Summary of Research Priorities Associated with Infrasound Monitoring
    • 3.4 RADIONUCLIDES
      • Major Technical Issues
        • Fixed Station Air Particulate Monitoring
        • High-Resolution Gamma Detector for Ambient Temperature Operation
        • Fixed Station Radioactive Noble Gas Monitoring
        • Rapid Response Airborne Monitoring
        • Proposed Rapid Particulate and Radioiodine Airborne Monitor
        • Rapid Response Waterborne Monitoring
        • Improvements in Basic Data Used to Make Source Term Estimates
        • Improvement in Air Trajectory Models for Backtracking Calculations
        • Rapid Radiochemical and Instrumental Techniques for Radionuclide Analysis of Filter Papers
        • Other Areas that Should be Investigated to Improve Radionuclide Detection Sensitivity
      • Summary of Research Priorities Associated with Radionuclide Monitoring
    • 3.5 OTHER TECHNOLOGIES
    • 3.6 OPPORTUNITIES FOR NEW MONITORING SYNERGIES
      • Summary of Research Priorities Associated with Synergy
    • 3.7 ON-SITE INSPECTION METHODS
  • 4 U.S. Research Infrastructure
    • INTRODUCTION
    • 4.1 STRUCTURE OF CURRENT DOD AND DOE PROGRAMS
    • 4.2 RESEARCH PROGRAM BALANCE
    • 4.3 COORDINATION WITH OTHER NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS
    • 4.4 REQUIREMENTS FOR LONG-TERM STABILITY AND EFFECTIVENESS
  • 5 Conclusions and Recommendations
    • 5.1 CTBT MONITORING CHALLENGES
    • 5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
      • Seismology
      • Hydroacoustics
      • Infrasound
      • Radionuclides
  • References
  • A Statement of Task
    • CHARGE FROM THE NUCLEAR TREATY PROGRAM OFFICE
    • ORIGINAL AFOSR-PHILLIPS LABORATORY SEISMIC REVIEW PANEL
  • B Research Support History
  • C Seismic Event Location
  • D Seismic Magnitudes and Source Strengths
    • LOCAL MAGNITUDE, ML
    • BODY WAVE MAGNITUDE, mb
    • SURFACE WAVE MAGNITUDE, Ms
    • Lg MAGNITUDE
    • CODA MAGNITUDE
    • SOURCE STRENGTH ESTIMATION BASED ON WAVEFORM MODELING
    • SOURCE MECHANISM ESTIMATION FROM REGIONAL SEISMOGRAMS
    • MAGNITUDE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EXPLOSIONS AND EARTHQUAKES
    • ROLE OF SIZE ESTIMATION IN TREATY MONITORING
  • E Hydroacoustics
    • THE SOFAR CHANNEL
    • AMBIENT NOISE
    • UNDERWATER EXPLOSIVE SOURCES
    • INTERNATIONAL MONITORING SYSTEM HYDROACOUSTIC SIGNAL LEVELS
  • F Infrasonics
    • INTRODUCTION
    • SENSOR DESIGN
    • COMPREHENSIVE NUCLEAR TEST BAN TREATY INFRASOUND MONITORING
    • SOUND SOURCES
      • Natural Sources
      • Explosive Sources
    • SIGNAL PROPAGATION
  • G Radionuclide Source Term Ranges for Different Test Scenarios
    • 1. ATMOSPHERIC FREE-AIR TESTS
      • A. Stratospheric Tests
      • B. Tropospheric Tests
      • C. Tropospheric Tests with Rain-Out
    • 2. SOIL-BURST TESTS
      • A. Aboveground Transition Zone Tests
      • B. Aboveground Transition Zone Tests with Rain-Out
      • C. Ground Surface Tests
      • D. Underground Transition Zone Tests
      • E. Tests with Containment
    • 3. OCEAN-BURST TESTS
      • A. Above-Water Transition Zone Tests
      • B. Above-Water Transition Zone Tests with Rain-Out
      • C. Ocean Surface Tests
      • D. Underwater Transition Zone Tests
      • E. Deeply Submerged Ocean Tests
  • H Acronyms

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