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Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants

Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants

Volume 1

  • Publisher: National Academies Press
  • ISBN: 9780309057363
  • eISBN Pdf: 9780309561662
  • Place of publication:  United States
  • Year of digital publication: 1997
  • Month: April
  • Pages: 178
  • DDC: 350
  • Language: English
  • Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants
  • Copyright
  • Preface
  • Contents
  • Summary
    • EXPOSURE GUIDANCE LEVELS FOR MILITARY PERSONNEL
      • Diesel-Fuel Smoke
      • Fog-Oil Smoke
      • Red Phosphorus Smoke
      • Hexachloroethane Smoke
    • EXPOSURE GUIDANCE LEVELS AT BOUNDARIES OF MILITARY-TRAINING FACILITIES
  • 1 Introduction
    • SMOKES REVIEWED IN THIS REPORT
    • U.S. ARMY POLICY CONCERNING USE OF OBSCURANTS
    • SUBCOMMITTEE TASK
    • DEFINITIONS OF EXPOSURE GUIDANCE LEVELS
    • APPROACH TO DEVELOPING EXPOSURE GUIDANCE LEVELS
      • Emergency Exposure Guidance Levels (EEGLs)
      • Short-Term Public Emergency Guidance Levels (SPEGLs)
      • Permissible Exposure Guidance Levels (PEGLs) and Permissible Public Exposure Guidance Levels (PPEGLs)
    • SUMMARY OF APPROACH
    • REFERENCES
  • 2 Diesel-Fuel Smoke
    • BACKGROUND INFORMATION
      • Military Applications
      • Physical and Chemical Properties
    • TOXICOKINETICS
    • TOXICITY SUMMARY
      • Effects in Humans
      • Effects in Animals
        • Dermal and Ocular Exposures
          • Lethality
          • Eye and Skin Irritation
          • Carcinogenic Effects
        • Inhalation Exposures
          • One-Time Exposures
          • Repeated 15- or 60-Minute Exposures
          • Repeated 4-Hour Exposures
          • Repeated Exposures: Relative Significance of Frequency, Duration, and Concentration
        • Screening Tests for Mutagenicity
      • Summary of Toxicity Data
        • Noncancer Toxicity
        • Carcinogenicity
    • LIMITS EXISTING RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE
    • SUBCOMMITTEE EVALUATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
      • Military Exposures
        • Emergency Exposure Guidance Level (EEGL)1
        • Permissible Exposure Guidance Level (PEGL)2
      • Public Exposures
        • Short-Term Public Emergency Guidance Level (SPEGL)3
        • Permissible Public Exposure Guidance Level (PPEGL)4
      • Summary of Subcommittee Recommendations
    • RESEARCH NEEDS
    • REFERENCES
  • 3 Fog-Oil Smoke
    • BACKGROUND INFORMATION
      • Military Applications
      • Physical and Chemical Properties
      • Military Exposures
    • TOXICOKINETICS
    • TOXICITY SUMMARY
      • Effects in Humans
        • Dermal Exposures
          • Noncancerous Skin Lesions
          • Cancer of the Skin and Scrotum
        • Multiple Routes of Exposure
          • Pulmonary Effects
          • Carcinogenic and Mutagenic Effects
      • Effects in Animals
        • Dermal Exposures
          • Lethality
          • Skin Irritation
          • Cancer
        • Oral Exposures
          • One-Time Exposures
          • Repeated Exposures
        • Inhalation Exposures
          • One-Time Exposures
          • Repeated Exposures
        • Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity
        • Screening Tests for Carcinogenicity and Mutagenicity
      • Summary of Toxicity Data
        • Noncancer Toxicity
        • Carcinogenicity
    • EXISTING RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE LIMITS
    • SUBCOMMITTEE EVALUATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
      • Type of Fog Oil
      • Military Exposures
        • Emergency Exposure Guidance Level (EEGL)4
        • Permissible Exposure Guidance Levels (PEGL)5
      • Public Exposures to New-Fog-Oil Smoke
        • Short-Term Public Emergency Guidance Level (SPEGL)6
        • Permissible Public Exposure Guidance Level (PPEGL)7
      • Summary of Subcommittee Recommendations
    • RESEARCH NEEDS
    • REFERENCES
  • 4 Red Phosphorus Smoke
    • BACKGROUND INFORMATION
      • Military Applications
      • Physical and Chemical Properties
      • Occurrence and Use
      • Combustion Products
    • TOXICOKINETICS
    • TOXICITY SUMMARY: ELEMENTAL RED PHOSPHORUS
    • TOXICITY SUMMARY: RED PHOSPHORUS-BUTYL RUBBER
      • Effects in Humans
      • Effects in Animals
        • Dermal Exposures
        • Inhalation Exposures
          • One-Time Exposures
          • Repeated Exposures
      • Summary of Toxicity Data
        • Noncancer Toxicity
        • Carcinogenicity
    • EXISTING RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE LIMITS
    • SUBCOMMITTEE EVALUATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
      • Military Exposures
        • Emergency Exposure Guidance Level (EEGL)1
        • Permissible Exposure Guidance Levels (PEGL)2
      • Public Exposures
        • Short-Term Public Emergency Guidance Level (SPEGL)3
        • Permissible Public Exposure Guidance Level (PPEGL)4
      • Summary of Subcommittee Recommendations
    • RESEARCH NEEDS
    • REFERENCES
  • 5 Hexachloroethane Smoke
    • BACKGROUND INFORMATION
      • Military Applications
      • Combustion Products
      • Physical and Chemical Properties of Zinc Chloride
      • Occurrence and Use
      • Military Exposures
    • TOXICOKINETICS
    • TOXICITY SUMMARY
      • Effects in Humans
        • Oral Exposures
        • Inhalation Exposures
          • One-Time Exposures
          • Repeated Exposures
        • Dermal and Ocular Exposures
        • Oral Exposures
          • One-Time Exposures
          • Repeated Exposures
        • Inhalation Exposures
          • One-Time Exposures
          • Repeated Exposures
      • Summary of Toxicity Data
        • Noncancer Toxicity
        • Example Noncancer Risk Assessment
        • Carcinogenicity
        • Example Cancer Risk Assessment
          • Estimated Exposure
          • Estimated Cancer Risk
    • EXISTING RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE LIMITS
    • SUBCOMMITTEE EVALUATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
      • Military Exposures
        • Emergency Exposure Guidance Level (EEGL)2
        • Permissible Exposure Guidance Levels (PEGL)3
        • Comparison with Other Exposure Guidance Levels
      • Public Exposures
        • Short-Term Public Emergency Guidance Level (SPEGL)4
        • Permissible Public Exposure Guidance Level (PPEGL)5
      • Comparison of Recommendations with Conservative Screening Cancer-Risk Estimates
      • Summary of Subcommittee Recommendations
    • RESEARCH NEED
    • REFERENCES

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