Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants

Volume 2

Éditeur: National Academies Press
ISBN: 9780309054782
eISBN Pdf: 9780309556743
eISBN Epub: 9780309175647
Lieu de publication: United States
Année de publication électronique: 1996
Mois : Janvier
Pages: 408
Langue: Anglais

Légende

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has developed spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations (SMACs) for contaminants that might be found in the atmosphere within spacecraft during space missions to ensure the health and well-being of astronauts traveling and working in this unique environment. In volume 1 of this series, NASA developed SMACs for 11 compounds: acetaldehyde, ammonia, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, Freon 113, hydrogen, methane, methanol, octamethyltrisiloxane, trimethylsilanol, and vinyl chloride. Volume 2 includes SMACs for 12 more airborne contaminants: acrolein, benzene, carbon dioxide, 2-ethoxyethanol, hydrazine, indole, mercury, methylene chloride, methyl ethyl ketone, nitromethane, 2-propoanol, and toluene. In developing SMACs from the toxicological literature, NASA followed the Guidelines for Developing Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants published in 1992 by the National Research Council.

Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants
Copyright
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- BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY
- COMMITTEE ON TOXICOLOGY
PREFACE
Contents
SPACECRAFT MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATIONS FOR SELECTED AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS
- INTRODUCTION
- SUMMARY OF REPORT ON GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING SMACS
- REVIEW OF SMAC REPORTS
- REFERENCES
APPENDIX A GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING SPACECRAFT MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATIONS FOR SPACE STATION CONTAMINANTS: EXECUTIVE…
- GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING SPACECRAFT MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATIONS FOR SPACE STATION CONTAMINANTS: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  - Environmental Control and Life-Support System
  - Modification of Contaminant Toxicity by Environmental Factors
  - Sources and Types of Data for Establishment of SMACs
    - Chemical-Physical Characteristics of Toxicants
    - In Vitro Toxicity Studies
    - Animal Toxicity Studies
    - Clinical and Epidemiological Observations
    - Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism
    - Biological Markers
  - Risk Assessment (Development of Exposure Criteria)
  - Issues in Making Recommendations for the Establishment of SMACs
APPENDIX B REPORTS ON SPACECRAFT MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATIONS FOR SELECTED AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS
- B1 ACROLEIN
  - Physical and Chemical Properties
  - Occurrence and Use
  - Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism
  - Toxicity Summary
    - Acute and Short-Term Toxicity
      - Mucosal Irritation
      - Respiratory Effects
      - Miscellaneous Effects
    - Subchronic and Chronic Toxicity
      - Mucosal Irritation and Effects on the Respiratory System
      - Miscellaneous Effects
      - Carcinogenicity
      - Genotoxicity
  - Rationale for Acceptable Concentrations
    - 1-h SMAC
    - 24-h SMAC
    - 7-d, 30-d, and 180-d SMACs
    - The Establishment of SMAC Values
  - References
- B2 BENZENE
  - Physical and Chemical Properties
  - Occurrence and Use
  - Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism
    - Absorption
    - Distribution
      - Excretion
    - Metabolism
  - Toxicity Summary
    - Acute and Short-Term Toxicity
      - Neurotoxicity
      - Cardiac Sensitization
      - Hematotoxicity and Immunotoxicity
      - Genotoxicity
    - Subchronic and Chronic Toxicity
      - Neurotoxicity
      - Hematotoxicity and Myelotoxicity
      - Immunotoxicity
      - Mutagenicity and Genotoxicity
    - Carcinogenicity
    - Reproductive Toxicity
    - Developmental Toxicity
    - Interaction with Other Chemicals
  - Rationale for Acceptable Concentrations
    - Species Extrapolation
    - Benzene-Induced Toxicity
    - Metabolite-Induced Toxicity
    - Nervous System Effects
    - Hematological Effects
    - Immunological Effects
    - Risk of Leukemia
    - Summary of Toxic Effects
  - Recommendations
  - References
- B3 CARBON DIOXIDE
  - Physical and Chemical Properties
  - Occurrence and Use
  - Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism
  - Toxicity Summary
    - Acute and Short-Term Toxicity
      - Miscellaneous Signs and Symptoms
      - Dyspnea
      - Headaches
      - Intercostal Pain
      - Acid-Base Balance
      - Electrolyte Levels
      - Respiratory System
      - Cardiovascular System
      - Nervous System
      - Kidneys
      - Male Reproductive System
      - Intestine and Spleen
    - Subchronic and Chronic Toxicity
      - Dyspnea and Intercostal Pain
      - Headaches
      - Nervous System
      - Acid-Base Balance
      - Electrolyte Levels
      - Bones and Kidneys
      - Respiratory System
      - Cardiovascular System
      - Structural Effects on Other Tissues
      - Hematological Changes
      - Carcinogenicity
      - Epidemiological Data
    - Genetic Toxicity
    - Developmental Toxicity
    - Interaction with Other Chemicals
  - Rationale for Acceptable Concentrations
    - Visual Impairments, Tremors, and CNS Depression
    - Headaches
    - Dyspnea and Intercostal Pain
    - Hyperventilation
    - Airway Resistance Increases
    - Testes
    - Establishment of SMACs
  - References
- B4 2-ETHOXYETHANOL
  - Physical and Chemical Properties
  - Occurrence and Use
  - Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism
    - Absorption
    - Metabolism and Excretion
  - Toxicity Summary
    - Acute and Short-Term Toxicity
    - Subchronic and Chronic Toxicity
      - Testicular Toxicity
      - Hematological Toxicity
      - Carcinogenicity
    - Genotoxicity
    - Developmental Toxicity
    - Interaction with Other Chemicals
  - Rationale for Acceptable Concentrations
    - Mucosal Irritation
    - Testicular Toxicity
    - Hematological Toxicity
    - Establishment of SMAC Values
  - References
- B5 HYDRAZINE
  - Physical and Chemical Properties
  - Occurrence and Use
  - Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism
    - Absorption
    - Distribution
    - Excretion
    - Metabolism
  - Toxicity Summary
    - Acute and Short-Term Toxicity
      - Lethality
      - Hepatotoxicity
    - Subchronic and Chronic Toxicity
      - Lethality
      - Hepatotoxicity
      - Carcinogenicity
    - Genotoxicity
    - Reproductive Toxicity
    - Developmental Toxicity
    - Interaction with Other Chemicals
  - Rationale for Acceptable Concentrations
    - Hepatotoxicity
    - Focal-Liver-Cell Hyperplasia
    - Carcinogenicity
    - Lethality
    - Spaceflight Effects
  - Recommendations
  - References
- B6 INDOLE
  - Physical and Chemical Properties
  - Occurrence and Use
  - Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism
  - Toxicity Summary
    - Acute and Short-Term Toxicity
    - Subchronic and Chronic Toxicity
      - Carcinogenicity
  - Rationale for Acceptable Concentrations
    - Nausea
    - Hematological Effects
    - Mortality
    - Leukemogenic Effects
    - Normal Indole Uptake
  - References
- B7 MERCURY
  - Physical and Chemical Properties
  - Occurrence and Use
  - Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism
    - Absorption
    - Metabolism and Distribution
    - Excretion
  - Toxicity Summary
    - Acute Toxicity
    - Short-Term and Subchronic Toxicity
    - Chronic Toxicity
    - Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity
    - Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity
    - Interactions with Other Chemicals
  - Rationale for Acceptable Concentrations
    - Respiratory System Toxicity
    - Nephrotoxicity
    - Neurotoxicity
  - Recommendations
  - References
- B8 METHYLENE CHLORIDE
  - Physical and Chemical Properties
  - Occurrence and Use
  - Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism
    - Absorption
    - Distribution
    - Metabolism
    - Excretion
  - Toxicity Summary
    - Acute and Short-Term Toxicity
      - CNS Effects
      - Hepatic Effect
    - Subchronic and Chronic Toxicity
      - Carboxyhemoglobin Formation
      - Non-neoplastic Effects on the Liver and Kidney
      - Non-neoplastic Effects on the Respiratory System
      - Neoplastic Effects
    - Genotoxicity
    - Developmental Toxicity
    - Interaction with Other Chemicals
  - Rationale for Acceptable Concentrations
    - CNS Depression
    - Liver Toxicity
    - Carcinogenicity
    - Establishment of SMAC Values
  - References
- B9 METHYL ETHYL KETONE
  - Physical and Chemical Properties
  - Occurrence and Use
  - Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism
    - Absorption
    - Metabolism and Excretion
  - Toxicity Summary
    - Acute and Short-Term Toxicity
      - Mucosal Irritation
    - Subchronic and Chronic Toxicity
      - Neural Studies
      - Mortality
      - Hepatic Effects
      - CNS Effects
      - Carcinogenicity
    - Genotoxicity
    - Developmental Toxicity
    - Interaction with Other Chemicals
  - Rationale for Acceptable Concentrations
    - Mucosal Irritation
    - CNS Impairment
    - Establishment of SMAC Values
  - References
- B10 NITROMETHANE
  - Physical and Chemical Properties
  - Occurrence and Use
  - Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism
  - Toxicity Summary
    - Acute and Short-Term Toxicity
      - Lethality
      - Miscellaneous Symptoms
      - Hepatic Toxicity
    - Subchronic and Chronic Toxicity
      - Hepatic Toxicity
      - Thyroid Toxicity
      - Hematological Changes
      - Pulmonary Toxicity
      - Effects on Reproductive Function
      - Carcinogenesis
    - Genotoxicity
    - Developmental Toxicity
    - Interaction with Other Chemicals
  - Rationale for Acceptable Concentrations
    - Miscellaneous Symptoms
    - Anemia
    - Establishment of SMAC Values
  - References
- B11 2-PROPANOL
  - Physical and Chemical Properties
  - Occurrence and Use
  - Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism
    - Absorption
    - Distribution
    - Excretion
    - Metabolism
  - Toxicity Summary
    - Acute Toxicity
    - Subchronic and Short-Term Toxicity
    - Chronic Toxicity
    - Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity
    - Genotoxicity
    - Carcinogenicity
    - Interaction with Other Chemicals
  - Rationale for Acceptable Standards
    - CNS Depression
    - Peripheral Nerve Damage
    - Irritation
    - Hepatotoxicity
  - Recommendations for Additional Research
  - References
- B12 TOLUENE
  - Physical and Chemical Properties
  - Occurrence and Use
  - Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism
    - Absorption
    - Distribution
    - Excretion
    - Metabolism
  - Toxicity Summary
    - Acute and Short-Term Toxicity
      - Lethality
      - Irritation and CNS Effects
    - Subchronic and Chronic Toxicity
      - Histopathology, Clinical Chemistry, and Hematology
      - Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity
      - CNS Effects
      - Lethality
      - Carcinogenicity
    - Genotoxicity
    - Reproductive Toxicity
    - Developmental Toxicity
    - Interaction with Other Chemicals
  - Rationale for Acceptable Concentrations
    - Irritation
    - Neurotoxicity
    - Reproductive Toxicity
    - Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity
    - Lethality
    - Spaceflight Effects
  - Recommendations
  - References