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Improved Fire- and Smoke-Resistant Materials for Commercial Aircraft Interiors

Improved Fire- and Smoke-Resistant Materials for Commercial Aircraft Interiors

A Proceedings

  • Publisher: National Academies Press
  • ISBN: 9780309053365
  • eISBN Pdf: 9780309556538
  • eISBN Epub: 9780309176248
  • Place of publication:  United States
  • Year of digital publication: 1995
  • Month: August
  • Pages: 259
  • Language: English

This book describes the Conference on Fire and Smoke-Resistant Materials held at the National Academy of Sciences on November 8-10, 1994. The purpose of this conference was to identify trends in aircraft fire safety and promising research directions for the Federal Aviation Administration's program in smoke and fire resistant materials. This proceedings contains 15 papers presented by distinguished speakers and summaries of the workshop sessions concerning toxicity issues, fire performance parameters, drivers for materials development, and new materials technology.

  • Improved Fire- and Smoke- Resistant Materials for Commercial Aircraft Interiors
  • Copyright
  • PREFACE
  • CONTENTS
  • PART I INVITED PAPERS
    • Federal Aviation Administration Fire Safety Mission
    • Airplane Accidents and Fires
      • INTRODUCTION
      • COMMERCIAL JET TRANSPORT ACCIDENT STATISTICS
        • Background for Accident Data-Collection Processes
        • Aviation Accident Data for Hull Losses and Fatalities
          • Hull-Loss Data
          • Fatality Data
      • COMMERCIAL JET TRANSPORT FIRE STATISTICS
      • SELECTED FIRE SCENARIOS
        • Example: 727, Salt Lake City
        • Example: DC-9, Cincinnati
        • Example: 737-200, Calgary and Manchester
      • SUMMARY
    • Heat Exposure and Burning Behavior of Cabin Materials During an Aircraft Post-Crash Fuel Fire
      • ABSTRACT
      • BACKGROUND
      • FULL-SCALE FIRE TESTS
        • Pool Fire
        • Pool Fire/Fuselage Impact
        • Radiant Heating of Cabin through Fuselage Opening
        • Effects of Wind on Cabin Heating
        • Fuel-Fire Hazards Accumulation within Cabin
        • Characteristics of Burning Cabin Materials
      • DEVELOPMENT OF IMPROVED FIRE-TEST CRITERIA FOR CABIN MATERIALS
      • References
    • Fundamental Fire Properties of Combustible Materials
      • ABSTRACT
      • INTRODUCTION
      • THE BURNING PROCESS
      • FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES THAT INFLUENCE FIRE BEHAVIOR
        • Physical Properties
        • Chemical Properties
      • CONCLUSION
      • References
    • Fire Tests and Hazard Evaluation
      • INTRODUCTION
      • HAZARDS DUE TO FIRE
      • MEASURES OF HAZARD
      • FLASHOVER AND VENTILATION-LIMITED FIRES
        • Development Fire
        • Onset of Flashover
        • Ventilation-Limited Fire
      • THE DEVELOPING FIRE ON MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS
      • FLAMMABILITY COMPONENTS
        • Dependent Factors
      • FLAMMABILITY HAZARD CLASSIFICATION
        • Classification by Traditional Tests
        • Evaluation by Scientific Methods
      • IMPORTANCE OF HEAT FLUX
        • Effect of Heat Flux on Fire-Growth Components
        • Heat Flux in Fire Scenarios
      • TESTING STRATEGIES
      • CONCLUSIONS
      • References
    • Fire Properties of Materials
      • ABSTRACT
      • INTRODUCTION
      • PYROLYSIS
        • Heat of Gasification
        • Surface Re-Radiation Loss
      • COMBUSTION
      • IGNITION
        • Ignition of Thermally Thick Materials
        • Ignition of Thermally Thin Materials
        • Thermal Response Parameter (TRP)
      • FIRE PROPAGATION
        • Fire-Propagation Index
      • GENERATION OF HEAT AND FIRE PRODUCTS
        • Heat Release Rate
          • Heat Release Parameter
          • The Effect of Ventilation on the HRP
        • Mass Generation Rate of a Product
          • Product Generation Parameter
          • The Effect of Ventilation on the PGP
          • Preferential Conversion of Carbon in the Material to CO with Decrease in Fire Ventilation
          • Preferential Conversion of Carbon in the Material to Smoke with Decrease in Fire Ventilation
      • THERMAL AND NONTHERMAL DAMAGE
      • CORROSION
      • SMOKE DAMAGE
      • FLAME EXTINCTION
      • SUMMARY
      • NOMENCLATURE
      • References
    • Fire-Screening Results of Polymers and Composites
      • ABSTRACT
      • INTRODUCTION
      • FIRE PERFORMANCE OF COMPOSITE LAMINATES
        • Flame-Spread Index (ASTM E-162)
        • Smoke and Combustion Gas Generation (ASTM E-662)
        • Residual Flexural Strength (ASTM D-790)
        • Heat Release and Ignitability (ASTM E-1354)
        • Oxygen-Temperature Index
      • DISCUSSION
        • Heat Release and Ignitability
        • Influence of Fiber Reinforcement
        • Effect of Resin Matrix and Additives
        • Residual Strength
      • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
      • References
    • Fire Properties of Future Material Candidates
      • BACKGROUND
      • A PREDICTION OF THE FUTURE OF FLAME RETARDANCY
        • Temperature Requirements
        • Types of Reactions
          • Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
          • Acid-Base Chemistry
          • Organic Reactions
          • Functional Group Reactions
          • Systematic Studies of Additives and Polymers
          • Surface Treatment of Polymers
          • Experimental Protocol
      • CONCLUSION
      • References
    • Meeting FR Goals Using Polymer Additive Systems
      • INTRODUCTION
      • TRENDS ON FLAME-RETARDANT COMPOUNDING: BUILDING A SYSTEM OF INTERACTIVE INGREDIENTS
      • SOME PERSPECTIVE ON THE PROBLEM
      • SPECIFIC TACTICS
        • Retardation of Ignition by Reflecting Radiant Heat
        • Raising Ignition Temperature and Effective Heat Capacity by Providing Heat Sinks
        • Taking Advantage of the Damkohler Number Effect: Removing the Fuel from the Combustion Zone before most has Burned
        • Shifting Degradation Pathway Away from Volatile Fuel Release to Cross-Linking and/or Generation of Vapors of Low Fuel Value
        • Rapid Formation of Barriers to Heat and Mass Transfer
        • Further Consideration of Charring—Catalysis
        • Special Problems of Catalyst Design and Possible Solutions
        • Introduction of Polymeric Additives to Provide Char
        • Introduction of Reactive Cross-Linking Additives
        • Improving the Barrier Quality by Introducing Heteroelements
        • Physical Reinforcement of the Barrier
        • Preventing Oxidative Destruction and Smoldering of the Barrier
        • Smoke Considerations
        • Formulating a Flame Retardancy and Smoke Suppression "Package"
        • The Structural Aspect of Flame Retardancy-Layer Effects
      • SUMMARY
      • References
    • An Overview of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers
      • INTRODUCTION
      • MAJOR CLASSIFICATIONS OF INORGANIC AND ORGANOMETALLIC POLYMERS
        • Silicon-Based Polymeric Materials
          • Polysiloxanes
            • Polysilazanes
            • Polycarbosilanes
            • Polysilanes
        • Phosphorous-Based Polymeric Materials
      • OTHER TYPES OF INORGANIC AND ORGANOMETALLIC POLYMERS
        • Boron-and Aluminum-Containing Polymers
          • Polyborylamines and Polyborazines
            • Hybrid Boron-Nitrogen-Carbon Polymers
            • Carborane Cage Polymers
            • Oligo (aluminoxane)s
        • Sulfur-Containing, Polythiazyl (S-N)x, Polymers
        • Tin-Containing Polymers
        • Ferrocenyl Polymers
        • Phthalocyanine (shiskabab) Polymers
        • Metalloporphyrin Polymers
      • SUMMARY
      • References
    • Flame-Retarding Wool Textile Materials and the Evaluation of Thermally Stable Polymers for Commercia ...
      • ABSTRACT
      • INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
      • EFFECT OF THE SEAT FIRE-BLOCKING REGULATION
      • WOOL FLAME-RETARDANT TECHNOLOGY FOR LOW HEAT RELEASE APPLICATIONS
      • WASHABLE FLAME-RETARDANT WOOL
      • FLAME-RETARDANT AND THERMALLY STABLE FIBERS
        • CS Trevira (FR polyester)
        • Nomex (aramid)
        • P-84 (polyimide)
        • PBI (polybenzimidazole)
        • Kennel (polyamide-imide)
      • SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
      • References
    • Smoke Toxicity
      • SUMMARY
      • INTRODUCTION
      • PRACTICAL METHODS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF FACTORS DETERMINING HAZARD TO LIFE IN FIRES
        • Physiological Hazards in Fires
        • Evaluation of the Effects of Optically Dense, Irritant Smoke on the Eyes and Respiratory Tract
        • Calculation of Time to Incapacitation Due to Effects of Narcotic Gases
        • Calculation of Time to Incapacitation Due to the Effects of Convected and Radiant Heat
      • APPLICATION OF THE INCAPACITATION MODEL TO DIFFERENT FIRE SCENARIOS
        • Nonflaming or Smouldering Fires
        • Early-Flaming, Well-Ventilated Fires in a Room with an Open Doorway
        • Small, Restricted-Ventilation Fires in Closed Compartments
        • Fully Developed/Post-Flashover Fires
      • RECOMMENDATIONS TO ENHANCE SURVIVABILITY IN AIRCRAFT FIRE ACCIDENTS
        • In-Flight Fires
        • Fires on the Ground
      • References
    • In-Service Performance Criteria for Aircraft Interiors
      • INTRODUCTION
      • INFLUENCE FACTORS TO THE CABIN PERFORMANCE
      • EXAMPLES OF PERFORMANCE PROBLEMS
        • Material Performance
        • Passengers and Crews
      • REASON FOR PERFORMANCE PROBLEMS
        • Servicing Personnel
        • Maintenance Personnel
        • Continuous Safety
        • Flammability Requirements
        • Prevention of Cabin Malfunction
        • Quality for Passengers
        • Materials
        • Costs per Part
        • Maintenance and In-Service Costs
      • CONCLUSION
    • Design of Aircraft Interior
      • FUNCTIONS AND PERFORMANCES OF AIRCRAFT INTERIOR
      • INTERIOR FURNISHING REQUIREMENTS
        • Protection of Passengers
        • Passenger Services
        • Passenger Entertainment
      • DETERMINING FACTORS
        • Customer Requests and Feasibility
        • Types of Construction and Materials
      • COMMERCIAL ASPECTS
        • Proportion of Interior Design Costs Compared to Overall Costs
        • Effect of Interior Furnishing on Profitability
        • Conversions or Second Interior Furnishing Sets
        • Further Development
    • Processing and Manufacturing of Interior Components
      • INTRODUCTION
      • STATE-OF-THE-ART PROCESSING AND MANUFACTURING
        • Flat Sandwich Structures
        • Curved Sandwich Structures
        • Decoration
      • FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS IN PROCESSING AND MANUFACTURING
        • Economic and Technological Developments
        • Ecological Aspects
      • CONCLUSION
  • PART II WORKSHOP SUMMARY
    • Session I: Toxicity
      • SESSION OBJECTIVES
      • PARTICIPANTS
      • SESSION REPORT
        • Current Toxicity Criteria and Characterization Methods
        • Toxicity Goals for Long-Term Research
        • Needed Development in Materials Evaluation and Characterization
        • Long-Term Research
        • Special Comments by Marcelo Hirschler
    • Session II: Fire Performance Parameters
      • SESSION OBJECTIVES
      • PARTICIPANTS
      • SESSION REPORT
        • Fire Performance Parameters
        • Needed Development in Materials Evaluation and Characterization Methods
        • Long-Term Research
    • Session III: Drivers for Materials Development
      • SESSION OBJECTIVES
      • PARTICIPANTS
      • SESSION REPORT
        • Current Fire-Resistant Materials
        • Design and Performance Requirements for Interior Materials
        • Goals for Fire Performance of Future Materials
        • State of the Materials and Fabrication Industries
        • Drivers and Barriers for the Development of Improved Materials
          • Drivers
          • Barriers
        • Long-Term Research
    • Session IV: New Materials Technology
      • SESSION OBJECTIVES
      • PARTICIPANTS
      • SESSION REPORT
        • State of the Art of Fire-Resistant Materials
        • Materials Fire Performance Goals for Long-Term Research
        • Promising Materials Technologies or Approaches
        • Needed Development in Materials Science and Characterization Methods
        • Long-Term Research
    • Appendix A Conference Program on Fire and Smoke Resistant Materials
    • Appendix B Conference Participants and Speakers
      • Participants
        • Speakers

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