The safety of the nation's drinking water must be maintained to ensure the health of the public. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for regulating the levels of substances in the drinking water supply. Copper can leach into drinking water from the pipes in the distribution system, and the allowable levels are regulated by the EPA. The regulation of copper, however, is complicated by the fact that it is both necessary to the normal functioning of the body and toxic to the body at too high a level.
The National Research Council was requested to form a committee to review the scientific validity of the EPA's maximum contaminant level goal for copper in drinking water. Copper in Drinking Water outlines the findings of the committee's review. The book provides a review of the toxicity of copper as well as a discussion of the essential nature of this metal. The risks posed by both short-term and long-term exposure to copper are characterized, and the implications for public health are discussed. This book is a valuable reference for individuals involved in the regulation of water supplies and individuals interested in issues surrounding this metal.
- Copper in Drinking Water
- Copyright
- Preface
- Contents
- Executive Summary
- THE CHARGE TO THE COMMITTEE
- THE COMMITTEE'S APPROACH TO ITS CHARGE
- THE COMMITTEE'S EVALUATION
- Health Effects of Excess Copper
- Physiological Role of Copper
- Sensitive Populations
- Risk Characterization
- 1 Introduction
- CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- SOURCES OF COPPER IN DRINKING WATER
- COMMITTEE'S APPROACH TO ITS CHARGE
- STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT
- REFERENCES
- 2 Physiological Role of Copper
- ESSENTIALITY
- BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY
- FACTORS AFFECTING BIOAVAILABILITY
- Effect of Age
- Dietary and Other Interactions
- CONCLUSIONS
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- REFERENCES
- 3 Health Effects of Copper Deficiencies
- TERATOGENESIS OF COPPER DEFICIENCY
- Causes of Copper Deficiency
- Copper in Prenatal Development
- Drug-Induced Copper Deficiency
- Disease-Induced Copper Deficiency
- Copper-Diet Interactions
- Gene-Induced Copper Deficiency
- Human Copper Deficiency and Teratogenesis
- Primary Dietary Copper Deficiency
- HEALTH EFFECTS OF COPPER DEFICIENCIES IN ADULTS
- CONCLUSIONS
- REFERENCES
- 4 Disorders of Copper Homeostasis
- MENKES DISEASE
- OCCIPITAL HORN SYNDROME
- WILSON DISEASE
- GENETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF WILSON AND MENKES DISEASES
- HETEROZYGOTES FOR WILSON DISEASE
- ACERULOPLASMINEMIA
- TYROLEAN INFANTILE CIRRHOSIS
- INDIAN CHILDHOOD CIRRHOSIS
- IDIOPATHIC COPPER TOXICOSIS
- OTHER GENETIC DISORDERS
- DISEASE-INDUCED CHANGES IN COPPER HOMEOSTASIS
- CONCLUSIONS
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- REFERENCES
- 5 Health Effects of Excess Copper
- ACUTE TOXICITY
- Case Reports and Population-Based Studies
- CHRONIC TOXICITY
- Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity
- Genotoxicity, Mutagenicity, and Carcinogenicity of Copper
- Sensitive Populations
- Carriers of Genetic Defects in Copper Homeostasis
- Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency (G6PD)
- ANIMAL STUDIES
- Toxicity in Animals
- Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity
- Neurotoxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Mechanisms and Animal Models for Copper Toxicity
- Mechanism of Acute Copper Toxicity
- Mechanism of Chronic Copper Toxicity
- CONCLUSIONS
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- REFERENCES
- 6 Risk Characterization
- COPPER DEFICIENCY
- COPPER TOXICITY FROM SINGLE OR SHORT-TERM EXPOSURE
- COPPER TOXICITY FROM CHRONIC EXPOSURE
- Sensitive Populations
- Carriers of the Wilson-Disease Gene and Other Genetically Sensitive Groups
- Infants
- Chronic Liver Disease
- Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
- Implications for the MCLG
- CHRONIC COPPER EXPOSURE THROUGH TAP WATER
- DIETARY CONTRIBUTION AND TOTAL COPPER INTAKE
- Formula-Fed Infants
- General Population
- CONCLUSIONS
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- REFERENCES
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