As demand for water increases, water managers and planners will need to look widely for ways to improve water management and augment water supplies. This book concludes that artificial recharge can be one option in an integrated strategy to optimize total water resource management and that in some cases impaired-quality water can be used effectively as a source for artificial recharge of ground water aquifers. Source water quality characteristics, pretreatment and recharge technologies, transformations during transport through the soil and aquifer, public health issues, economic feasibility, and legal and institutional considerations are addressed. The book evaluates three main types of impaired quality water sources—treated municipal wastewater, stormwater runoff, and irrigation return flow—and describes which is the most consistent in terms of quality and quantity. Also included are descriptions of seven recharge projects.
- Ground Water Recharge Using Waters of Impaired Quality
- Copyright
- Dedication
- Preface
- Contents
- Summary
- SOURCE WATERS AND THEIR TREATMENT
- SOIL AND AQUIFER PROCESSES
- PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUES
- ECONOMIC, LEGAL, AND INSTITUTIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
- CONCLUSIONS
- Artificial Recharge: A Viable Option
- Potential Impaired Quality Sources
- Human Health Concerns
- System Management and Monitoring
- Economic Considerations
- Legal and Institutional Considerations
- REFERENCES
- 1 An Introduction to Artificial Recharge
- A PRIMER ON ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE
- Ground Water Flow
- Artificial Recharge
- Surface Infiltration Systems
- Clogging
- Water Depth
- Ground Water Level
- Water Quality
- Soil-Aquifer Treatment
- System Design and Pilot Projects
- Well Injection Systems
- Aquifer Storage and Recovery Wells
- Dry Wells
- ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
- SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
- 2 Source Waters and Their Treatment
- MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER
- Characteristics
- Primary Treatment
- Secondary Treatment
- Tertiary Treatment
- Advanced Wastewater Treatment
- Coagulation-Sedimentation
- Filtration
- Nitrification
- Denitrification
- Phosphorus Removal
- Carbon Adsorption
- Reverse Osmosis
- DISINFECTION
- Disinfectants
- Chlorine
- Ozone
- Ultraviolet Radiation
- Disinfection By-Products
- Chlorine Disinfection
- Monochloramine Disinfection
- Ozone Disinfection
- Chlorine Dioxide Disinfection
- URBAN STORMWATER RUNOFF
- Characteristics
- Bacterial Characteristics
- Important Toxicants
- Contamination by Industrial Wastewater
- Relative Contributions of Different Flow Periods
- Pollutant Contributions from Different Urban Source Areas
- Treatment Methods
- Sedimentation Treatment
- Pollutant Removal During Infiltration
- IRRIGATION RETURN FLOW
- Characteristics
- Treatment Methods
- SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
- 3 Soil and Aquifer Processes
- CONDITIONS INFLUENCING PRETREATMENT
- Soil Properties
- Nature of Recharge Operation
- Wastewater Composition
- GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF SUBSURFACE PROCESSES
- Vadose Zone Processes
- Aquifer Processes
- Volatilization
- Volatilization from Surface Water
- Volatilization from Soil
- Volatilization During Ground Water Recharge
- Transport of Dissolved Chemicals
- Solute Velocity
- Solute Dispersion During Transport
- Solute Sorption During Transport
- Other Attenuation Mechanisms
- IMPORTANT SOIL-AQUIFER PROPERTIES
- Vadose Zone Properties
- Control of Ground Water Flow
- UNDESIRABLE SOIL CHARACTERISTICS
- Spatial Variability of Soil Properties
- Preferential Flow of Chemicals
- TRANSPORT AND FATE OF SPECIFIC CONSTITUENTS OF RECHARGE WATER
- Nitrogen
- Phosphorus
- Inorganics and Trace Metals
- Organic Chemicals
- Pathogens
- Disinfection By-products
- Nature of Reduced Carbon Species
- Stability of DBPs in the Soil and Underground Environment
- SUSTAINABILITY OF THE SAT SYSTEM
- PERFORMANCE AND COMPLIANCE MONITORING
- Vadose Zone Monitoring
- Tracing of Recharge Water
- Mixing of Recharge and Ambient Ground Water
- Posttreatment of Recharge Waters
- SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
- 4 Public Health Issues
- RISK ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY, APPROACHES, AND INTERPRETATION
- STUDIES OF HEALTH IMPACTS
- OLAC Water Reuse Study-Montebello Forebay, Los Angeles County, California
- Total Resource Recovery Project, City of San Diego, California
- Tampa Water Resource Recovery Pilot Project, Tampa, Florida
- Potable Water Reuse Demonstration Project, Denver, Colorado
- Analysis of existing data base
- CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF CONCERN
- Inorganic Chemicals, Pesticides, and Other Organic Chemicals in Source Waters
- Disinfectants and Disinfection By-Products
- MICROORGANISMS OF CONCERN
- Hazard Identification
- Dose-Response Assessment
- Exposure Assessment
- Risk Characterization
- RISKS FROM DISINFECTANTS AND DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS VERSUS RISKS FROM PATHOGENS
- HEALTH IMPLICATIONS FROM NONPOTABLE USES
- SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
- 5 Economic, Legal, and Institutional Considerations
- ECONOMIC ISSUES
- The Economics of Ground Water Use
- The Economics of Artificial Ground Water Recharge with Treated Municipal Wastewater
- Demand
- The Cost of Water Supplies
- LEGAL ISSUES
- Water Rights
- Protection of Ground Water Quality
- Use of Recharge Water
- Environmental Consequences
- California's Regulatory Controls: A Closer Look
- History of Regulatory Activities in California
- 1973 Department of Health Position Statement
- 1975 Consulting Panel
- 1986 Scientific Advisory Panel
- Water Reclamation Requirements Current and Proposed Regulations
- Other Relevant Laws
- INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES
- PUBLIC ATTITUDES TOWARD THE USE OF RECLAIMED WATER
- SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
- 6 Selected Artificial Recharge Projects
- WATER FACTORY 21, ORANGE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA
- MONTEBELLO FOREBAY GROUND WATER RECHARGE PROJECT, LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA
- PHOENIX, ARIZONA, PROJECTS
- Infiltration Rates
- Removal of Contaminants by SAT
- Suspended Solids
- Total Dissolved Solids
- Nitrogen
- Phosphate
- Fluoride
- Boron
- Metals
- Fecal Coliforms
- Viruses
- Organic Carbon
- Trace Organic Compounds
- Other Organic Micropollutants
- Summary
- EL PASO, TEXAS, RECHARGE PROJECT
- System and Site Description
- Type of Recharge
- Hydrogeologic Conditions
- Source Water
- Operational History
- Available Performance Data
- Economic and Institutional Considerations
- Summary
- LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK, RECHARGE BASINS
- System and Site Description
- Type of Recharge
- Hydrogeologic Conditions
- Source Water
- Operational History
- Performance Data
- Quantity and Hydraulics
- Quality
- Economic and Institutional Considerations
- Summary
- ORLANDO, FLORIDA, STORMWATER DRAINAGE WELLS
- System and Site Description
- Type of Recharge
- Hydrogeologic Conditions
- Source Water
- Operational History
- Performance Data
- Quantity
- Quality
- Hydraulics
- Economic and Institutional Considerations
- Summary
- DAN REGION WASTEWATER RECLAMATION PROJECT METROPOLITAN TEL AVIV, ISRAEL
- System and Site Description
- Soil-Aquifer Treatment
- Basic Wastewater Parameters
- Irrigation-Water Quality Parameters
- Conveyance of Recovered Water for Agricultural Reuse
- Summary
- REFERENCES
- 7 Conclusions and Recommendations
- ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE: A VIABLE OPTION
- POTENTIAL IMPAIRED QUALITY SOURCES
- HUMAN HEALTH CONCERNS
- SYSTEM MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING
- ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS
- LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL CONSIDERATION
- Appendixes
- APPENDIX A Acknowledgements
- APPENDIX B Biographical Sketches of Committee Members
- Appendix C Glossary
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