Marine debris is a serious environmental problem. To do its part, the United States has agreed to abide by the international treaty for garbage control at sea, known as MARPOL 73/78 Annex V.
Clean Ships, Clean Ports, Clean Oceans explores the challenge of translating Annex V into workable laws and regulations for all kinds of ships and boats, from cruise ships to fishing crafts and recreational boats. The volume examines how existing resources can be leveraged into a comprehensive strategy for compliance, including integrated waste management systems and effective enforcement.
Clean Ships, Clean Ports, Clean Oceans describes both progress toward and obstacles to Annex V compliance. The book covers:
- How shipborne garbage orignates and what happens to garbage discharged into the seas.
- Effects of discharge on human health, wildlife safety, and aesthetics.
- Differences in perspective among military, industrial, and recreational seafarers and shoreside facilities.
Clean Ships, Clean Ports, Clean Oceans will be important to marine policymakers, port administrators, ship operations officers, maritime engineers, and marine ecologists.
- CLEAN SHIPS CLEAN PORTS CLEAN OCEANS
- Copyright
- Preface
- ORIGIN OF THE STUDY
- SCOPE OF THE STUDY
- STUDY METHODS AND REPORT ORGANIZATION
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- REFERENCES
- Terminology and Acronyms
- Contents
- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
- SOURCES OF VESSEL GARBAGE
- FATES AND EFFECTS OF MARINE DEBRIS
- THE COMMITTEE'S ANALYSIS
- THE VESSEL GARBAGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
- EDUCATION AND TRAINING
- OVERARCHING ISSUES
- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR GOVERNMENT ACTION
- Legislative Actions
- Improve Management of Vessel Garbage
- National Leadership
- Sustained Education and Training
- Model Programs
- Federal Agency Actions
- Coast Guard
- Department of State (DOS)
- Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
- U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
- Maritime Administration (MARAD)
- 1 Dimensions of the Challenge and U.S. Progress
- INTERNATIONAL AND U.S. MANDATES
- Missions of U.S. Government Agencies
- PROGRESS IN U.S. IMPLEMENTATION OF ANNEX V
- Case Histories
- U.S. Navy Compliance
- State Initiatives
- Pilot Programs by Community and Environmental Groups
- Special Situations: The Gulf of Mexico
- THE CHALLENGES AHEAD
- REFERENCES
- 2 Sources, Fates, and Effects of Shipborne Garbage
- IDENTIFYING VESSEL GARBAGE IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
- SOURCES OF SHIPBORNE GARBAGE
- Recreational Boats
- Commercial Fisheries
- Cargo Ships
- Passenger Day Boats and Ferries
- Small Public Vessels
- Offshore Industry Rigs, Platforms, and Supply Vessels
- Navy Surface Combatant Vessels
- Passenger Cruise Ships
- Research Vessels
- FATES OF SHIPBORNE GARBAGE
- General Observations
- Implications for Special Areas
- Implications for Implementation of Annex V
- ENVIRONMENTAL AND PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF MARINE DEBRIS
- Human Health Problems
- Ecological Effects
- Entanglement of Marine Animals
- Ingestion of Plastics by Marine Species
- Ghost Fishing
- SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
- 3 Implementation
- HAZARD EVOLUTION MODEL
- ADAPTING THE MODEL TO VESSEL GARBAGE MANAGEMENT
- Interventions to Remedy the Hazard
- Technological Innovations
- Organizational and Operational Changes
- Educational Communication
- Government and Private Regulation and Enforcement
- Economic Incentives
- Application of the Model to the Seafarer Communities
- A Final Modification to the Model
- SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
- 4 Elements of an Implementation Strategy
- INTRODUCTION
- ANALYSIS OF INTERVENTIONS
- Recreational Boats and Their Marinas
- Intelligence
- Control
- Analysis of Interventions
- Commercial Fisheries and Their Fleet Ports
- Intelligence
- Control
- Analysis of Interventions
- Cargo Ships and Their Itinerary Ports
- Intelligence
- Control
- Analysis of Interventions
- Passenger Day Boats, Ferries, and Their Terminals
- Intelligence
- Control
- Analysis of Interventions
- Small Public Vessels
- Intelligence
- Control
- Analysis of Interventions
- Offshore Platforms, Rigs, Supply Vessels, and Base Terminals
- Intelligence
- Control
- Analysis of Interventions
- Navy Surface Combatant Vessels and Their Home Ports
- Intelligence
- Control
- Analysis of Interventions
- Passenger Cruise Ships and Their Itinerary Ports
- Intelligence
- Control
- Analysis of Interventions
- Research Vessels and Their Ports of Call
- Intelligence
- Control
- Analysis of Interventions
- REFERENCES
- 5 Integrating Vessel and Shoreside Garbage Management
- PRINCIPLES OF INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT
- SHIPBOARD TECHNOLOGIES AND PRACTICES
- Source Reduction
- On-Board Storage
- Shoreside Recycling
- Treatment/Destruction
- Compactors
- Comminuters, Pulpers, and Shredders
- Incinerators
- Enhancing Shipboard Technology Development and Use
- GARBAGE MANAGEMENT IN PORTS
- Garbage Management Strategies
- ENHANCING THE VESSEL GARBAGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
- Quarantine Requirements
- Port Accountability
- Liability
- Who Should Pay?
- SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
- 6 Education and Training
- OVERVIEW OF OPPORTUNITIES FOR EDUCATION AND TRAINING
- Types of Education and Training
- Public Awareness Campaigns
- Education and Training for Employees and Visitors
- Management Education and Training
- EXPERIENCE BASE RELATED TO ANNEX V
- Marine Debris Information Offices
- Sea Grant Activities
- Efforts Targeting Boaters
- Port Projects
- Efforts Involving Industry
- Programs Involving Government Fleets and Personnel
- Public Awareness Programs
- International Efforts
- Information Exchange
- A MODEL ANNEX V EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROGRAM
- THE FEDERAL ROLE IN ANNEX V EDUCATION AND TRAINING
- Leadership
- Secure Funding
- Innovation
- SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
- 7 Overarching Issues Affecting Annex V Implementation
- THE NEED FOR LEADERSHIP
- U.S. ENFORCEMENT OF ANNEX V
- Options for Improving Annex V Enforcement
- Clarify Extent of Port State Authorities
- Simplify Handling of Civil Cases
- Track and Punish Repeat Violators
- Monitor Garbage Handling Practices
- Surveillance by Government Authorities
- Surveillance by Ship Operators
- Surveillance by Citizens
- ISSUES RELATED TO SPECIAL AREAS
- Implementation of Annex V in the Wider Caribbean
- SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
- 8 Measuring Progress in Implementation of Annex V
- RECORD KEEPING AS A MEASURE OF IMPLEMENTATION
- Assessing Annex V Implementation Internationally
- ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
- Surveys of Beach Debris
- Monitoring Trends in Biological Impacts
- Monitoring Plastics in the Marine Environment
- Beach Surveys of Plastic Debris
- Benthic Surveys of Plastic Debris
- Sampling Sites and Frequencies
- Data Collection and Management
- SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
- 9 National Strategy
- IDENTIFYING AND EVALUATING STRATEGIES AND TACTICS
- STRATEGY FOR EACH MARITIME SECTOR
- Recreational Boats and Their Marinas
- Commercial Fisheries and Their Fleet Ports
- Cargo Ships and Their Itinerary Ports
- Passenger Day Boats, Ferries, and Their Terminals
- Small Public Vessels and Their Home Ports
- Offshore Platforms, Rigs, Supply Vessels, and Their Shore Bases
- Navy Surface Combatant Vessels and Their Home Ports
- Passenger Cruise Ships and Their Itinerary Ports
- Research Vessels and Their Ports of Call
- 10 Federal Action to Improve Implementation of Annex V
- SCIENTIFIC MONITORING
- VESSEL/SHORE INTERFACE
- ON-BOARD TECHNOLOGIES
- ENFORCEMENT
- EDUCATION AND TRAINING
- NATIONAL LEADERSHIP
- APPENDIXES
- APPENDIX A Committee on Shipborne Wastes Biographical Information
- APPENDIX B Annex V of MARPOL 73/78 Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships
- Regulation 1
- Regulation 2
- Regulation 3
- Regulation 4
- Regulation 5
- Regulation 6
- Regulation 7
- Guidelines for the implementation of Annex V of 73/78
- Preface
- 1 Introduction and definitions
- 2 Training, education and information
- 3 Minimizing the amount of potential garbage
- 4 Shipboard garbage handling and storage procedures
- 5 Shipboard equipment for processing garbage
- 6 Port reception facilities for garbage
- 7 Ensuring compliance with Annex V
- Appendix Form for reporting alleged inadequacy of port reception facilities for garbage
- Revised Guidelines for the Implementation of Annex V of MARPOL 73/78
- Appendix 2 Standard specification for shipboard incinerators
- 1 Scope
- 2 Definitions
- 3 Materials and manufacture
- 4 Operating requirements
- 5 Operating controls
- 6 Other requirements
- 7 Tests
- 8 Certification
- 9 Marking
- 10 Quality Assurance
- Annex
- A1 - Emission standard for shipboard incinerators with capacities of up to 1,160 kW
- Minimum information to be provided
- A2 - Fire protection requirements for incinerators and waste stowage spaces
- A3 - Incinerators integrated with heat recovery units
- A4 - Flue gas temperature
- APPENDIX C The International Law of the Sea: Implications for Annex V Implementation
- FLAG STATE RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES
- COASTAL STATE AUTHORITIES
- PORT STATE CONTROL
- LIMITS ON NATIONAL AUTHORITIES: SAFEGUARDS FOR INTERNATIONAL SHIPPING
- MORE GENERAL OBLIGATIONS
- STRENGTHENING THE FORCE OF IMO RULES
- APPENDIX D Time Line for U.S. Implementation of Annex V
- APPENDIX E Characteristics of Annex V Special Areas
- CHARACTERISTICS OF SPECIAL AREAS
- Antarctic Ocean
- The Baltic Sea
- Black Sea
- Caribbean Sea
- Gulf of Mexico
- The Mediterranean Sea
- North Sea
- Persian Gulf
- Red Sea
- REFERENCES
- APPENDIX F Ecological Effects of Marine Debris
- GENERAL EFFECTS ON ECOSYSTEMS
- ENTANGLEMENT OF MARINE SPECIES
- INGESTION OF PLASTICS BY MARINE SPECIES
- GHOST FISHING
- DATA ON ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS
- REFERENCES
- Index
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