This volume explores the scientific frontiers and leading edges of research across the fields of anthropology, economics, political science, psychology, sociology, history, business, education, geography, law, and psychiatry, as well as the newer, more specialized areas of artificial intelligence, child development, cognitive science, communications, demography, linguistics, and management and decision science. It includes recommendations concerning new resources, facilities, and programs that may be needed over the next several years to ensure rapid progress and provide a high level of returns to basic research.
- The Behavioral and Social Sciences
- Copyright
- Contents
- Preface
- Introduction
- 1 Behavior, Mind, and Brain
- SEEING AND HEARING
- Visual Analyzers
- Color Constancy
- Depth and Motion
- Perceiving Objects
- Temporal Auditory Patterns
- MEMORY
- Types of Memory
- Brain Structure and Neurotransmitters
- COGNITION AND ACTION
- Early Cognitive Development and Learning
- Categorical Knowledge and Representation
- Individual Decision Making
- Reasoning, Expertise, and Scientific Education
- Complex Action
- LANGUAGE
- Acquisition
- Sign Language
- Grammatical Universals
- Machines That Talk and Listen
- Reading
- Decoding and Dyslexias
- Interpretation and Comprehension
- OPPORTUNITIES AND NEEDS
- 2 Motivational and Social Contexts of Behavior
- AFFECT AND MOTIVATION
- Emotional Expression, Perception, and Maturation
- Emotive Circuitry and Metabolism in the Brain
- Biobehavioral Rhythms
- Patterns of Food Consumption
- BEHAVIOR AND HEALTH
- Prevention of Drug, Alcohol, and Tobacco Abuse
- Evaluating the Effects of Interventions
- Addiction and the Marketplace
- Prevention of AIDS
- Stress, Risk of Illness, and Behavior
- Behavior and Health Care Delivery Systems
- CRIME AND VIOLENCE
- Criminal Careers and the Effects of the Criminal Justice System
- Antisocial and Prosocial Dispositions
- ATTRIBUTIONS AND EXPECTANCIES IN SOCIAL INTERACTION
- Expectancies, Self-Concepts, and Motives
- Development of Close Relationships
- Small Groups and Behavior
- The Social Construction of Gender
- OPPORTUNITIES AND NEEDS
- 3 Choice and Allocation
- COLLECTIVE CHOICE AND ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR
- Setting Agendas
- Sequential and Simultaneous Votes
- Electorates
- Founding Political Systems
- ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN AND CHANGE
- Organizational Politics and Institutional Constraints
- Organizational Evolution
- MARKETS AND ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
- Public Goods and Strategic Revelation
- Information Asymmetry and Transmission
- Regulation and Deregulation
- Rational Expectations
- CONTRACTS
- Principal-Agent Models
- Bargaining, Negotiation, and Repeated Interaction
- JOBS, WAGES, AND CAREERS
- Unemployment
- Implicit Labor Contracts
- Job Segregation and the Gender Wage Gap
- Technology, Migration, and Mobility
- New Sources of Data on Jobs and Careers
- OPPORTUNITIES AND NEEDS
- 4 Institutions and Cultures
- THE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN SOCIETY
- Social Organization in Prehistoric Times
- Food, Tools, and Home Bases
- Evolution of Language
- DEMOGRAPHIC BEHAVIOR
- Fertility and Lactation
- Population Change in Developing Countries
- Fertility and Migration in Developed Countries
- MODERNIZATION: FAMILY AND RELIGION
- The Nuclear Family and Social Change
- Religion, Social Change, and Politics
- SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND PUBLIC POLICY
- The Shaping of Technology
- The Development of Science
- Behavioral and Social Sciences Knowledge and Public Policy
- INTERNATIONALIZATION
- International Finance and Domestic Policy
- Cultural and Political Diffusion
- The International Division of Labor
- Productivity
- INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT
- Superpower Relations
- Decision Making, Beliefs, and Cognitions
- Cooperation and Conflict
- OPPORTUNITIES AND NEEDS
- 5 Methods of Data Collection, Representation, and Analysis
- DESIGNS FOR DATA COLLECTION
- Experimental Designs
- Laboratory Experiments
- Randomized Field Experiments
- Survey Designs
- Advances in Longitudinal Designs
- Memory and the Framing of Questions
- Comparative Designs
- Ethnographic Designs
- Ideological Systems
- Historical Reconstruction
- MODELS FOR REPRESENTING PHENOMENA
- Probability Models
- Log-Linear Models for Categorical Variables
- Regression Models for Categorical Variables
- Models for Event Histories
- Models for Multiple-Item Measurement
- Nonlinear, Nonadditive Models
- Geometric and Algebraic Models
- Scaling
- Ordered Factorial Systems
- Clustering
- Network Models
- STATISTICAL INFERENCE AND ANALYSIS
- Causal Inference
- New Statistical Techniques
- Internal Resampling
- Robust Techniques
- Many Interrelated Parameters
- Missing Data
- Computing
- Computer Packages and Expert Systems
- Exploratory Analysis and Graphic Presentation
- Combining Evidence
- OPPORTUNITIES AND NEEDS
- 6 The Research Support System
- HUMAN RESOURCES
- Colleges and Graduate Schools
- Undergraduate Education
- Graduate Education
- Postdoctoral Training and Collaboration
- Postdoctoral Fellowships and Traineeships
- Advanced Training Institutes
- Collaboration and Communication
- TECHNOLOGICAL RESOURCES
- Computers
- Neuroimaging Devices
- Animal Care
- DATA RESOURCES
- Large-Scale Data Bases
- Research Access to Government Data
- Corporate and Local Government Archives
- FUNDING RESOURCES
- Modes of Support
- Grant Size and Duration
- The Disciplines and Interdisciplinary Research
- Interdisciplinary Research Centers
- THE PROBLEM OF VOICE
- 7 Raising the Scientific Yield
- RESEARCH FRONTIERS
- Behavior, Mind, and Brain
- Motivational and Social Contexts of Behavior
- Choice and Allocation
- Institutions and Cultures
- Methods of Data Collection, Representation, and Analysis
- RECOMMENDED NEW RESOURCES
- Human Resources
- Technological Resources
- Data Resources
- Interdisciplinary Research Centers
- Investigator-Initiated Grants
- Research Agency Changes
- CONCLUSION
- Appendix A Trends in Support for Research in the Behavioral and Social Sciences
- FEDERAL SUPPORT
- The Diversity of Federal Support
- National Science Foundation Support
- PRIVATE FOUNDATIONS
- Appendix B Working Group Members
- SENSORY AND PERCEPTUAL PROCESSES
- PSYCHOBIOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MEMORY
- INFORMATION AND COGNITIVE SCIENCES
- LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE PROCESSING
- DEVELOPMENT OF COGNITIVE AND SOCIAL COMPETENCE
- HEALTH AND BEHAVIOR
- AFFECT AND MOTIVATION
- SOCIAL INTERACTION
- GENDER STUDIES
- INFORMATION AND DECISION MAKING
- MARKET EFFICIENCY
- JOBS AND INEQUALITY
- MARKETS AND ORGANIZATIONS
- COLLECTIVE CHOICE INSTITUTIONS
- EMERGENCE OF SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS
- URBAN TRANSFORMATION AND MIGRATION
- CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE
- FAMILY AND DOMESTIC RELATIONS
- FORMAL AND LEGAL PROCESSES
- CRIME AND VIOLENCE
- RELIGION AND POLITICAL CHANGE
- CULTURE AND IDEOLOGY
- INTERNATIONALIZATION OF SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, AND POLITICAL LIFE
- INTERNATIONAL CRISIS MANAGEMENT AND SECURITY STUDIES
- MACROECONOMIC POLICY
- SOCIAL STUDIES OF MODERN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
- SOCIAL KNOWLEDGE PRODUCING INSTITUTIONS
- LARGE-SCALE DATA NEEDS
- STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
- MEASUREMENT AND SCALING
- ORIGINS OF HUMAN DISTINCTIVENESS
- Index
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