Written by world-renowned scientists, this volume portrays the possible direct and indirect devastation of human health from a nuclear attack. The most comprehensive work yet produced on this subject, The Medical Implications of Nuclear War includes an overview of the potential environmental and physical effects of nuclear bombardment, describes the problems of choosing who among the injured would get the scarce medical care available, addresses the nuclear arms race from a psychosocial perspective, and reviews the medical needs—in contrast to the medical resources likely to be available—after a nuclear attack. "It should serve as the definitive statement on the consequences of nuclear war." —Arms Control Today
- The Medical Implications of Nuclear War
- Copyright
- Contents
- FOREWORD
- PREFACE
- UNDERSTANDING AND PREVENTING NUCLEAR WAR: THE EXPANDING ROLE OF THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY
- Bibliography Some Recent Books Published By Scientific Organizations Concerned With Nuclear War
- PART I NUCLEAR WAR WITH MODEM WEAPONS: PHYSICAL EFFECTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES
- Possible Fatalities from Superfires Following Nuclear Attacks in or Near Urban Areas
- INTRODUCTION
- INCENDIARY EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS
- SUPERFIRES AND THEIR ENVIRONMENTS
- ESTIMATES OF NOXIOUS GAS CONCENTRATIONS WITHIN THE MASS FIRE REGION
- COMBINED TOXIC EFFECTS OF FIRE GASES AND ELEVATED TEMPERATURES
- MASS FIRE EXPERIENCES OF WORLD WAR II
- MODEL FOR ESTIMATING FATALITIES FROM SUPERFIRES
- FATALITY POTENTIAL OF SUPERFIRES
- COMPARISON OF OTHER TARGET SETS WITH THE REFERENCE CASE
- CONCLUSION
- Notes
- A Review of the Physics of Large Urban Fires
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY OF URBAN FIRES
- CHARACTERISTICS OF LARGE-SCALE URBAN FIRES
- MODELING LARGE-FIRE ENVIRONMENTS
- SUMMARY
- References
- Recent Assessments of the Environmental Consequences of Nuclear War
- NEW FINDINGS
- POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTION OF PLASTICS TO NUCLEAR WINTER
- References
- APPENDIX
- Scope/Enuwar Executive Summary
- Executive Summary
- 1. DIRECT EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS
- 2. STRATEGIES AND SCENARIOS FOR A NUCLEAR WAR
- 3. THE EXTENT OF FIRES AND GENERATION OF SMOKE
- 4. THE EVOLUTION AND RADIATIVE EFFECTS OF THE SMOKE
- 5. SMOKE-INDUCED ATMOSPHERIC PERTURBATIONS
- 6. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY IN A POST-NUCLEAR-WAR ENVIRONMENT
- 7. RADIOLOGICAL DOSE
- 8. TASKS FOR THE FUTURE
- Nuclear Famine: The Indirect Effects of Nuclear War
- INTRODUCTION
- ECOSYSTEM VULNERABILITIES
- AGRICULTURAL VULNERABILITIES
- VULNERABILITY TO DISRUPTIONS IN FOOD AVAILABILITY
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- References
- Nuclear Winter: The State of the Science
- Atmospheric Perturbations of Large-Scale Nuclear War
- Possible Toxic Environments Following a Nuclear War
- TOXIC CHEMICALS
- ULTRAVIOLET SPRING
- PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG FORMATION
- CONCLUSIONS
- References
- Radioactive Fallout
- OVERVIEW
- RADIOACTIVITY FROM NUCLEAR WEAPONS
- Introduction
- Local Fallout
- Single-Weapon Fallout Model
- Dose Estimation From Multiple Explosions
- Sample Calculation Of Multiple-Weapon Fallout
- Global Fallout
- Global Dose In An Unperturbed Atmosphere Using Specific Scenarios
- Global Fallout In A Perturbed Atmosphere
- Internal Dose Due To Inhalation And The Food Chain
- Summary
- RADIOACTIVITY FROM NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE FACILITIES
- Introduction
- Local Fallout
- Global Fallout
- APPENDIX: THE IMPACT OF FALLOUT ON HUMANS
- Global Fallout
- Local Fallout
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- References
- PART II HEALTH CONSEQUENCES OF NUCLEAR WAR
- Casualties Due to the Blast, Heat, and Radioactive Fallout from Various Hypothetical Nuclear Attacks on the…
- OVERVIEW
- INTRODUCTION
- CASUALTIES FROM "100-MEGATON" ATTACKS
- Blast and Burn Casualty Models
- Ranges of Casualties Calculated for 100-Mt Attacks on U.S. City Centers, Military-Supporting Industry, or Strategic…
- CASUALTIES FROM A MAJOR ATTACK ON U.S. STRATEGIC NUCLEAR TARGETS
- Description Of The Attack
- FALLOUT CASUALTY MODEL
- Radiation Protection Factors
- Population Radiation Sensitivity
- Cancers
- Ranges of Casualties Calculated for Attack on U.S. Strategic Nuclear Targets
- CONCLUSIONS
- References
- Acute Radiation Mortality in a Nuclear War
- Burn and Blast Casualties: Triage in Nuclear War
- THE CONCEPT OF TRIAGE
- EXPERIENCE WITH MASS CASUALTY MANAGEMENT
- The U.S. Civil War
- World War I
- World War II
- The Vietnam War
- Summary Of Experience From Conventional War
- BURN AND BLAST INJURIES IN NUCLEAR WAR
- Triage in Nuclear War
- Medical Management
- Blast Injury
- Head Injuries
- Thoracic Injuries
- Tympanic Membrane Rupture
- Long-Bone Fractures
- Soft Tissue Injuries
- Abdominal Injuries
- Burn Injury
- Casualty Assessment
- Review Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki Data
- Projections Of Number Of Injured And Number Of Providers
- Medical Response
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
- Notes
- Food and Nutrition in the Aftermath of Nuclear War
- Psychological Consequences of Disaster: Analogies for the Nuclear Case
- INTRODUCTION
- Classification Of Disasters As Analogies For The Nuclear Case
- Disaster Agents
- Appropriateness Of Analogies
- ANALYSIS OF HUMAN REACTIONS TO DISASTERS
- Threat
- Warnings
- Studies Of Disaster Warnings
- Short Warning Times
- Longer Warning Times
- Effects Of Warnings, And Features That Lead People To Heed Them
- Summary
- POSTDISASTER BEHAVIOR: IMPACT, RECOIL, AND POSTIMPACT
- CONVENTIONAL BOMBING
- Preparations
- Effects
- Summary
- NUCLEAR BOMBING: HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI
- References And Bibliography
- The Immunological Impact of Nuclear Warfare
- BACKGROUND
- IONIZING RADIATION
- ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
- BURNS AND TRAUMA
- PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS: STRESS, DEPRESSION, AND BEREAVEMENT
- MALNUTRITION
- DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
- Notes
- Expected Incidence of Cancer Following Nuclear War
- Genetic Consequences of Nuclear War
- INTRODUCTION
- RADIATION DOSE TO SURVIVORS
- GENETIC RADIATION EFFECTS
- POPULATIONS AND EFFECTS
- OTHER EFFECTS ON FUTURE GENERATIONS
- GENETIC HANDICAPS IN THE POSTWAR WORLD
- THE WORSE, THE BETTER: A TRAGIC PARADOX
- Notes
- PART III MEDICAL RESOURCE NEEDS AND AVAILABILITY FOLLOWING NUCLEAR WAR
- Medical Supply and Demand in a Post-Nuclear-War World
- SUPPLY VERSUS DEMAND: A MASSIVE EXCHANGE
- Number And Types Of Injuries
- Current Versus Postattack Resources And Requirements
- Medical Personnel
- Hospital Beds
- Blood And Blood Products
- Postattack Requirements for Blood and Fluids
- Drugs and Medical Supplies: Preattack and Postattack Resources Versus Need
- Resources
- SUPPLY VERSUS DEMAND: A ONE-MEGATON AIRBURST OVER AN URBAN CENTER
- SUPPLY VERSUS DEMAND: THE DEVELOPING WORLD
- Need Versus Availability
- Drugs
- Medical Equipment
- Food
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
- Notes
- The Consequences of Nuclear War: An Economic and Social Perspective
- INTRODUCTION
- WARNINGS OF WAR
- THE DIRECT AND IMMEDIATE IMPACT OF WAR
- Damage To Cities
- Damage to Electronic Systems: Effects of Electromagnetic Pulse
- Direct Consequences for Medical Care
- THE LINGERING EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR WAR
- Prospects for a General Economic Recovery
- Reasons for Doubting Economic Projections
- Methodological Concerns
- The Social Aspects Of Recovery
- Conceptual Framework
- Application To CRP-2b
- Critical Industries: Prospects For Recovery
- Pharmaceutical Industry
- Energy Industry
- Capital As Embodied Energy
- Do We Have Enough Oil And Gas To Rebuild?
- Agriculture
- Money, Credit, And Banking
- Trade Relationships
- Treatment Of Surviving Capital
- Why Would the U.S. Experience Differ from That of Germany and Japan?
- CONCLUSIONS
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- NOTES
- References
- PART IV IMAGES AND RISKS OF NUCLEAR WAR: PSYCHOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVES
- Children's and Adolescents' Perceptions of the Threat of Nuclear War: Implications of Recent Studies
- OVERVIEW
- INTRODUCTION
- SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
- RELATIVE WEIGHT OF NUCLEAR WAR VERSUS OTHER ISSUES
- INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
- Finland
- Canada
- New Zealand
- Sweden
- International Survey Research
- Ussr-United States
- QUALITATIVE STUDIES
- DISCUSSION
- Methodological Issues
- Characteristics Of The Nuclear Issue
- Feelings Engendered In Those Who Become Involved: A Painful Awareness
- IMPLICATIONS
- The Nature of Young People's Experience and the Need for Education
- HOPE AND THE FUTURE
- Notes
- Scandinavian Youth View the Future: A Preliminary Report of a Large Questionnaire Survey
- STUDY METHODS
- RESULTS
- DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY
- Adult Beliefs, Feelings, and Actions Regarding Nuclear War: Evidence from Surveys and Experiments
- MODAL BELIEFS ABOUT NUCLEAR WAR
- MODAL FEELINGS ABOUT NUCLEAR WAR
- MODAL ACTIONS REGARDING NUCLEAR WAR
- SOURCES OF THE CONSENSUAL BELIEFS, FEELINGS, AND (IN) ACTION
- PREDISPOSITIONS TO ACTION
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- NOTES
- References
- Hope and the Denial of Stress in the Nuclear Age
- The Nuclear Arms Race and the Psychology of Power
- INTRODUCTION
- PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LEADERS
- EMOTIONAL INSTIGATORS OF VIOLENCE
- THE IMAGE OF THE ENEMY
- VIOLENCE AND NUCLEAR WEAPONS
- NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND CONCEPTUAL INERTIA
- NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND DEMONSTRATION OF RESOLVE
- GROUNDS FOR HOPE CREATED BY NEW TECHNOLOGIES
- CONCLUSION
- References
- Managerial Demands of Modern Weapons Systems
- Sources of Human Instability in the Handling of Nuclear Weapons
- THE CHARACTER OF THE WORK AND ITS IMPACT
- ALCOHOL, DRUG USE, AND PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
- PSYCHIATRIC PROBLEMS
- The Soviet Military
- The British Military
- SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AS A SECURITY RISK
- THE PERSONNEL RELIABILITY PROGRAM
- WEAKNESSES OF THE PERSONNEL RELIABILITY PROGRAM
- STRENGTHENING THE PRP
- IMPROVING THE WORKING CONDITIONS OF PRP PERSONNEL
- APPENDIX NUCLEAR MISSIONS OF EACH MILITARY SERVICE
- U.S. Military Services
- Air Force Nuclear Role
- Army Nuclear Role
- Navy Nuclear Role
- Marine Corps Nuclear Role
- Allied Nuclear Roles
- Soviet Military Services
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- References
- The Impact of Crisis-Induced Stress on Decision Making
- MENTAL HEALTH
- STRESS AND COPING: IMPACT ON INFORMATION PROCESSING
- EFFECTS OF STRESS ON PERFORMANCE: THE INVERTED U CURVE
- INDICATORS OF ACUTE STRESS AND ITS CONSEQUENCES
- THE POLICYMAKING SYSTEM: THE INDIVIDUAL, SMALL GROUP, AND ORGANIZATION SUBSYSTEMS
- COPING WITH VALUE COMPLEXITY AND UNCERTAINTY
- IMPACT OF CRISIS-INDUCED STRESS ON FOREIGN POLICY DECISION MAKING
- IMPACT OF STRESS ON SMALL GROUP DYNAMICS
- IMPACT OF STRESS ON ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR
- TOWARD PRESCRIPTIVE THEORY
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- References
- PART V LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES OF AND PROSPECTS FOR RECOVERY FROM NUCLEAR WAR: TWO VIEWS
- View I
- View II
- INTRODUCTION
- UNCERTAINTIES IN THE "NUCLEAR WINTER" SCENARIO
- CURRENT CAPABILITY TO PREDICT BIOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES
- WHAT IS NEEDED TO PREDICT BIOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS?
- SPECULATIONS ON THE LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES AND PROSPECTS FOR RECOVERY
- OTHER REACTIONS TO THE MATERIAL PRESENTED
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
- Notes
- CONCLUDING REMARKS
- SUMMARY AND PERSPECTIVE: WITH SOME OBSERVATIONS ON INFORMED CONSENT
- GLOSSARY
- BIOGRAPHIES OF CONTRIBUTORS
- INDEX
Text
Audio
Adobe DRM
Login to your account