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Nuclear Arms Control

Nuclear Arms Control

Background and Issues

  • Publisher: National Academies Press
  • ISBN: 9780309034913
  • eISBN Pdf: 9780309554602
  • Place of publication:  United States
  • Year of digital publication: 1985
  • Month: January
  • Pages: 391
  • DDC: 600
  • Language: English

This nontechnical overview of developments in nuclear arms control describes how the United States and the Soviet Union arrived at their present positions—and where they might go from here. According to Foreign Affairs, "This book is proof that the complexities of arms control can be successfully explained in a nontechnical, and even more importantly, nonpartisan manner....It presents the key issues in a clear, thorough, and remarkably up-to-date way....Strongly recommended as a primary source for classroom and public discussions."

  • Nuclear Arms Control
  • Copyright
  • Contents
  • Foreword
  • Preface
  • 1 Overview
    • ARMS CONTROL AS A PROCESS
    • THE OBJECTIVES OF ARMS CONTROL
    • APPROACHES TO ARMS CONTROL
      • Limits
      • Freezes
      • Restructuring
      • Reductions
      • Bans
      • Special Stabilizing Measures
    • THE U.S.-SOVIET STRATEGIC RELATIONSHIP
    • OTHER NUCLEAR POWERS
    • VERIFICATION
    • RECORD OF COMPLIANCE
    • POLITICAL OR MILITARY "LINKAGE"
    • THE NEGOTIATING PROCESS
    • DOMESTIC POLITICAL ACCEPTABILITY
    • SPECIFIC PROPOSALS
  • 2 Strategic Offensive Nuclear Arms Control
    • PART I THE STRATEGIC ARMS LIMITATION TALKS (SALT)
      • Introduction
      • Background
        • The Origins
        • SALT I Negotiations
        • The SALT II Negotiations
      • The Provisions of Salt I and Salt II
        • The SALT I Interim Agreement
        • The SALT II Treaty
      • The Main Issues Surrounding Salt II
        • The Strategic Relationship
          • SALT II Supporters
          • SALT II Critics
        • The Rationale for SALT II: Preserving Essential Equivalence
          • SALT II Supporters
          • SALT II Critics
        • Verification
          • SALT II Supporters
          • SALT II Critics
        • Compliance
          • Compliance with SALT I from 1972 to 1979
          • Compliance with SALT I and SALT II from 1980 to 1984
    • PART II THE STRATEGIC ARMS REDUCTION TALKS (START)
      • Background
        • The Origins
        • Initial START Proposals
        • The Scowcroft Commission and Build-Down
        • The Revised U.S. START Proposal
        • The U.S. START Proposal Incorporating Build-Down
      • U.S. and Soviet Start Proposals
        • The U.S. START Proposal as of December 1983
        • The Soviet START Proposal as of December 1983
      • The Main Issues Surrounding Start
        • The Strategic Relationship
          • START Supporters' Assessment of the Strategic Relationship
          • START Critics' Assessment of the Strategic Relationship
          • The Soviet View of the Strategic Relationship
        • The Rationale for START: Selective Deep Cuts to Restore Stability
          • START Supporters' Approach
          • Domestic Criticisms of START
          • The Soviet Approach to START
        • Verification
  • 3 The Nuclear Freeze
    • INTRODUCTION
    • BACKGROUND
      • The Origins
      • The Congress and Freeze Resolutions
    • DESCRIPTION OF THE COMPREHENSIVE NUCLEAR FREEZE PROPOSAL
    • THE MAIN ISSUES SURROUNDING THE COMPREHENSIVE NUCLEAR FREEZE
      • The Strategic Relationship: Equivalence Versus Inferiority
        • Supporters of the Comprehensive Freeze
        • Critics of the Comprehensive Freeze
      • Rationale: Freeze at Parity to Stop the Arms Race
        • Supporters of the Comprehensive Freeze
        • Critics of the Comprehensive Freeze
      • Verification of a Comprehensive Nuclear Freeze
        • Supporters of the Comprehensive Freeze
        • Critics of the Comprehensive Freeze
      • The Soviet Union and the Nuclear Freeze
  • 4 The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Force (INF) Negotiations
    • INTRODUCTION
    • BACKGROUND
      • The Origins
      • NATO's Dual-Track Deployment Decision
      • The INF Negotiations
      • The "Walk in the Woods" Formula
      • The Soviet Offer to Match British and French Missiles
      • The U.S. Interim Agreement Proposal
      • The "Walk in the Park" Proposal
    • SUMMARY OF THE U.S. AND SOVIET INF POSITIONS AS OF NOVEMBER 1983
    • THE MAIN ISSUES SURROUNDING THE INF NEGOTIATIONS
      • The European Nuclear Balance: Different U.S. and Soviet Perspectives
        • The U.S. View
        • The Soviet View
      • The Main Differences Between the U.S. and Soviet INF Proposals
        • The U.S. Approach
        • The Soviet Approach
      • Verification
      • The Deployment and the Future of NATO
      • Integrating the START and INF Negotiations
  • 5 Strategic Defensive Arms Control: The SALT I Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty
    • INTRODUCTION
    • BACKGROUND
      • The Origins
      • The Johnson Years
      • The Nixon Years: ABM and SALT
      • The Strategic Defense Initiative
    • PROVISIONS OF THE SALT I ABM TREATY
    • THE MAIN ISSUES SURROUNDING THE SALT I ABM TREATY
      • Reopening the ABM Debate
        • Supporters of the Strategic Defense Initiative
        • Critics of the Strategic Defense Initiative
      • Verification and Compliance
  • 6 Anti-Satellite (ASAT) Arms Control
    • BACKGROUND
      • The Origin of the ASAT Program
      • The Ford-Carter Years
      • The Reagan Years
    • SUMMARY OF U.S. AND SOVIET POSITIONS ON ASAT ARMS CONTROL
      • The U.S. Position
        • The Soviet Position
    • THE MAIN ISSUES SURROUNDING ANTI-SATELLITE ARMS CONTROL
      • The U.S. View
        • The Soviet View
        • U.S. Supporters of ASAT Arms Control
  • 7 Nuclear Test Bans
    • INTRODUCTION
    • BACKGROUND
      • The Eisenhower Administration
      • The Kennedy Administration
      • The Nixon and Ford Administrations
      • The Carter Administration
      • The Reagan Administration
    • THE MAIN ISSUES SURROUNDING A COMPREHENSIVE TEST BAN
      • Overall U.S. Security
      • Importance of Testing to U.S. Security
        • Reliability of Stockpiled Weapons
        • Development of New Weapons
        • Nuclear Effects
        • Safety
        • Peaceful Nuclear Explosions
        • The Weapons Laboratories
      • Verification
        • General
        • Threshold of Detection and Identification
        • Hiding in Earthquakes
        • Nonseismic Information
        • On-Site Inspection
        • Significance of Testing Below the Threshold
        • Significance of Very Low Yield Tests
      • Impact on Nuclear Proliferation
  • 8 Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
    • INTRODUCTION
    • THE NATURE OF THE RISK
      • The Relationship of Proliferation to U.S. and International Security and Stability
      • The Technical Problem
      • Capabilities Versus Intentions
    • THE HISTORY OF NON-PROLIFERATION
    • NUCLEAR EXPORT POLICY
      • Denial Versus Constructive Engagement
        • Uniform Versus Discriminatory Policies
      • Relationship to NPT Obligations
      • Extreme Denial
    • THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL NON-PROLIFERATION AGREEMENTS
      • The Non-Proliferation Treaty
      • The Treaty of Tlatelolco and Other Possibilities for Nuclear Weapon-Free Zones
      • Agreements Limiting Nuclear Testing
      • The Physical Security Convention and Related Measures
    • THE ADEQUACY AND SUFFICIENCY OF INTERNATIONAL SAFEGUARDS
      • Essential Characteristics
      • Technical Considerations
      • Timely Warning
      • Coverage
      • Adequacy of Safeguards Agreements
      • Inspection Rights
      • Implementation of Existing Safeguards
    • HOLDOUTS FROM THE INTERNATIONAL REGIME
      • The Countries of Greatest Near-Term Concern
      • The Problem of Coordination with Other Concerned Countries
  • Acronyms
  • Appendix A Interim Agreement Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on Certain...
    • INTERIM AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS ON CERTAIN MEASURES...
      • Article I
      • Article II
      • Article III
      • Article IV
      • Article V
      • Article VI
      • Article VII
      • Article VIII
    • PROTOCOL TO THE INTERIM AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS ON...
    • AGREED STATEMENTS, COMMON UNDERSTANDINGS, AND UNILATERAL STATEMENTS REGARDING THE INTERIM AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE UNITED...
      • 1. Agreed Statements
      • 2. Common Understandings
        • A. Increase in ICBM Silo Dimensions
        • B. Standing Consultative Commission
        • C. Standstill
      • 3. Unilateral Statements
        • A. Withdrawal from the ABM Treaty
        • B. Land-Mobile ICBM Launchers
        • C. Covered Facilities
        • D. "Heavy" ICBM's
  • Appendix B Treaty Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Limitation of...
    • TREATY BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS ON THE LIMITATION OF STRATEGIC...
      • Article I
      • Article II
      • Article III
      • Article IV
        • For the United States of America
        • For the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
        • For the United States of America
        • For the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
      • Article V
      • Article VI
      • Article VII
      • Article VIII
      • Article IX
      • Article X
      • Article XI
      • Article XII
      • Article XIII
      • Article XIV
      • Article XV
      • Article XVI
      • Article XVII
      • Article XVIII
      • Article XIX
    • PROTOCOL TO THE TREATY BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS ON THE LIMITATION...
      • Article I
      • Article II
      • Article III
      • Article IV
    • MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS REGARDING THE...
    • STATEMENT OF DATA ON THE NUMBERS OF STRATEGIC OFFENSIVE ARMS AS OF THE DATE OF SIGNATURE OF THE TREATY
    • STATEMENT OF DATA ON THE NUMBERS OF STRATEGIC OFFENSIVE ARMS AS OF THE DATE OF SIGNATURE OF THE TREATY
    • JOINT STATEMENT OF PRINCIPLES AND BASIC GUIDELINES FOR SUBSEQUENT NEGOTIATIONS ON THE LIMITATION OF STRATEGIC ARMS
    • SOVIET BACKFIRE STATEMENT
  • Appendix C Treaty Between The United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Limitation of...
    • TREATY BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS ON THE LIMITATION OF ANTI-BALLISTIC…
      • Article I
      • Article II
      • Article III
      • Article IV
      • Article V
      • Article VI
      • Article VII
      • Article VIII
      • Article IX
      • Article X
      • Article XI
      • Article XII
      • Article XIII
      • Article XIV
      • Article XV
      • Article XVI
    • AGREED STATEMENTS, COMMON UNDERSTANDINGS, AND UNILATERAL STATEMENTS REGARDING THE TREATY BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF...
      • 1. Agreed Statements
      • 2. Common Understandings
        • A. Location of ICBM Defenses
        • B. ABM Test Ranges
        • C. Mobile ABM Systems
        • D. Standing Consultative Commission
        • E. Standstill
      • 3. Unilateral Statements
        • A. Withdrawal from the ABM Treaty
        • B. Tested in ABM Mode
        • C. No-Transfer Article of ABM Treaty
        • D. No Increase in Defense of Early Warning Radars
    • PROTOCOL TO THE TREATY BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS ON THE LIMITATION...
      • Article I
      • Article II
      • Article III
      • Article IV
  • Appendix D Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and Under Water
    • TREATY BANNING NUCLEAR WEAPON TESTS IN THE ATMOSPHERE, IN OUTER SPACE AND UNDER WATER
      • Article I
      • Article II
      • Article III
      • Article IV
      • Article V
  • Appendix E Treaty Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Limitation of...
    • TREATY BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS ON THE LIMITATION OF UNDERGROUND...
      • Article I
      • Article II
      • Article III
      • Article IV
      • Article V
    • PROTOCOL TO THE TREATY BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS ON THE LIMITATION...
  • Appendix F Treaty Between The United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on Underground Nuclear...
    • TREATY BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS ON UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS...
      • Article I
      • Article II
      • Article III
      • Article IV
      • Article V
      • Article VI
      • Article VII
      • Article VIII
      • Article IX
    • PROTOCOL TO THE TREATY BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS ON UNDERGROUND...
      • Article I
      • Article II
      • Article III
      • Article IV
      • Article V
      • Article VI
      • Article VII
      • Article VIII
      • Article IX
      • Article X
    • AGREED STATEMENT
  • Appendix G Treaty on the Non-Profileration of Nuclear Weapons
    • TREATY ON THE NON-PROLIFERATION OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS
      • Article I
      • Article II
      • Article III
      • Article IV
      • Article V
      • Article VI
      • Article VII
      • Article VIII
      • Article IX
      • Article X
      • Article XI
  • Index

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