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Condensed-Matter Physics

Condensed-Matter Physics

  • Publisher: National Academies Press
  • ISBN: 9780309035774
  • eISBN Pdf: 9780309568043
  • Place of publication:  United States
  • Year of digital publication: 1986
  • Month: January
  • Pages: 326
  • DDC: 530
  • Language: English
  • Condensed-Matter Physics
  • Copyright
  • Preface
  • Contents
  • I Highlights, Opportunities, and Needs
    • CONDENSED-MATTER PHYSICS AND ITS IMPORTANCE
      • DISCOVERY
        • Artificially Structured Materials
        • The Quantized Hall Effect
        • Effects of Reduced Dimensionality
        • Charge-Density Waves
        • Disorder
        • Mixed Valence and Heavy Fermions
        • The Superfluid Phases of 3He
        • The Renormalization Group Methods
        • Chaotic Phenomena in Time and Space
        • Widespread Use of Synchrotron Radiation
        • Atomic Resolution Experimental Probes
      • RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES IN CONDENSED-MATTER PHYSICS IN THE NEXT DECADE
      • NEEDS OF CONDENSED-MATTER PHYSICS IN THE NEXT DECADE
        • Support for Individual Researchers
          • MANPOWER
          • INSTRUMENTATION
          • COMPUTATION
          • FUNDING
        • Support for National Facilities
          • NEUTRON FACILITIES
          • SYNCHROTRON RADIATION SOURCES RECOMMENDATIONS
          • HIGH-MAGNETIC-FIELD FACILITIES RECOMMENDATIONS
          • ELECTRON-MICROSCOPE FACILITIES RECOMMENDATIONS
          • GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS CONCERNING NATIONAL FACILITIES
        • University-Industry-Government Relations
  • II A Decade of Condensed-Matter Physics
    • 1 Electronic Structure and Properties of Matter
      • INTRODUCTION
      • ADVANCES IN ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE DETERMINATIONS
      • MANY-ELECTRON EFFECTS
      • QUANTIZED HALL EFFECT
      • ELECTRON-HOLE DROPLETS
      • ELECTRONICALLY ORDERED STATES
      • DISORDERED SYSTEMS
      • MIXED MEDIA
      • CONDENSED MATTER AT HIGH PRESSURE
      • OPPORTUNITIES
    • 2 Structures and Vibrational Properties of Solids
      • INTRODUCTION
      • THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS
      • MEASUREMENTS OF STRUCTURES AND PHONON SPECTRA
      • PHONON TRANSPORT
      • ELECTRON-PHONON INTERACTIONS
      • DISORDERED SOLIDS AND INCOMMENSURATE PHASES
      • PHASE TRANSITIONS AND NONLINEAR EXCITATIONS
      • OPPORTUNITIES
    • 3 Critical Phenomena and Phase Transitions
      • INTRODUCTION
      • WHAT ARE CRITICAL PHENOMENA, AND WHY ARE THEY INTERESTING TO PHYSICISTS?
      • EXAMPLES OF PHASE TRANSITIONS AND CRITICAL POINTS
      • HISTORY
      • WHAT DOES ONE MEASURE?
      • WHAT DETERMINES THE UNIVERSALITY CLASS?
      • EXPERIMENTAL REALIZATIONS OF LOW-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS
      • MULTICRITICAL POINTS
      • SYSTEMS WITH ALMOST-BROKEN SYMMETRY
        • Two-Dimensional Superfluid and XY Model
        • Melting of a Two-Dimensional Crystal
        • Smectic A-to-Nematic Transition
      • QUENCHED DISORDER
      • PERCOLATION AND THE METAL-INSULATOR TRANSITION IN DISORDERED SYSTEMS
      • NONEQUILIBRIUM SYSTEMS
      • FIRST-ORDER TRANSITIONS
      • OUTLOOK
    • 4 Magnetism
      • INTRODUCTION
      • MAGNETIC INSULATORS
        • Low-Dimensional Systems
        • Critical Phenomena
      • METALLIC MAGNETS
        • Transition-Metal Ferromagnets
        • Rare-Earth and Actinide Magnets
      • DISORDERED SYSTEMS
        • Introduction
        • Disordered Ferromagnets, Antiferromagnets, and Paramagnets
        • Spin Glasses
      • COMPUTER SIMULATIONS IN MAGNETISM
      • FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
    • 5 Semiconductors
      • INTRODUCTION
      • SURFACES AND INTERFACES
      • DEFECTS IN SEMICONDUCTORS
      • REDUCED DIMENSIONALITY IN SEMICONDUCTORS
      • OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTORS
      • AMORPHOUS SEMICONDUCTORS
      • FUTURE PROSPECTS
        • Semiconductor Surfaces and Interfaces
          • SEMICONDUCTOR-SEMICONDUCTOR INTERFACES
          • SEMICONDUCTOR-INSULATOR INTERFACES
          • SEMICONDUCTOR-METAL INTERFACES
        • Defects in Semiconductors
        • Systems of Reduced Dimensionality
          • QUANTIZED HALL EFFECT
          • GROWTH TECHNIQUES AND LITHOGRAPHY
          • SMALL STRUCTURES
          • HETEROSTRUCTURES
          • THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL WIGNER CRYSTAL
    • 6 Defects and Diffusion
      • INTRODUCTION
      • NEW FIELDS FROM OLD: AN EXAMPLE
        • Phase Microstructure and Phase Generation in Radiation Fields
        • Surface and Near-Surface Probes
        • Ion-Beam Microfabrication
      • CALCULATIONS OF DEFECT STRUCTURE
      • FUNDAMENTALS OF ATOMIC MOBILITY
      • COMMENTS ON ACTIVE AREAS
        • Point Defects in Simple Solids
        • Surface Diffusion
        • Photochemical Processes
        • Molecular Dynamics
        • Dislocation Motion in Glasses
        • Defect Imaging at Atomic Resolution
      • SOME DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
    • 7 Surfaces and Interfaces
      • INTRODUCTION
      • THE STRUCTURE OF THE CRYSTAL SURFACE
      • SPECTROSCOPY AND ELEMENTARY EXCITATIONS ON THE SURFACE
      • INTERACTIONS OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES ON THE SURFACE
      • THE INTERFACE BETWEEN SOLIDS AND DENSE MEDIA
      • THEORY
      • OPPORTUNITIES
    • 8 Low-Temperature Physics
      • DEFINITION OF SUBFIELD
      • QUANTUM FLUIDS
        • Superfluid 3He
          • NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN SUPERFLUID 3HE
          • ULTRASOUND
          • OTHER SOUND MODES
          • DEFECTS
          • SUPERFLUID FLOW AND HYDRODYNAMICS
        • Novel Quantum Fluids
          • MIXTURES OF 3HE IN 4HE
          • SPIN-POLARIZED HYDROGEN AND DEUTERIUM
          • LIQUID 4HE IN UNUSUAL GEOMETRIES
          • ELECTRONS ON HELIUM SURFACES
      • SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
        • Nonequilibrium Superconductivity
        • Novel Superconducting Materials
        • Magnetic Superconductors
        • High-Transition-Temperature, High-Magnetic-Field Materials
        • The Josephson Effects
      • QUANTUM CRYSTALS
      • LOW-TEMPERATURE TECHNOLOGY
      • RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES IN LOW-TEMPERATURE PHYSICS
    • 9 Liquid-State Physics
      • CLASSICAL LIQUIDS
        • Introduction
        • Static Properties
        • Dynamical Properties of Classical Liquids
        • Colloidal Systems—Soap Solutions
      • LIQUID CRYSTALS
        • What Are Liquid Crystals?
        • Why Are Liquid Crystals Interesting?
        • Major Advances
      • OPPORTUNITIES FOR FUTURE WORK
    • 10 Polymers
      • INTRODUCTION
      • RESEARCH PROBLEMS
        • Amorphous State—Solutions and Melts
        • Glass
        • Elastomers, Gels, Cross-linked Networks
        • Polymer Crystals
        • Electrical Properties
        • Other Polymer Properties
      • OPPORTUNITIES
    • 11 Nonlinear Dynamics, Instabilities, and Chaos
      • INTRODUCTION
      • MAJOR ADVANCES
        • A New Paradigm
        • New Experimental Methods
        • Routes to Chaos
        • Dynamical Systems Theory of the Routes to Turbulence
        • Dynamical Systems Analysis of Experiments
        • Nonlinear Stability Theory
        • Pattern Evolution
        • Instabilities in Other Dissipative Systems
        • Nonlinear Dynamics of Conservative Systems
        • General Remarks
      • CURRENT FRONTIERS
        • Bifurcation Sequences
        • Patterns
        • Numerical Simulations
        • Experimental Methods
        • Transition from Weak to Fully Developed Turbulence
        • Conservative Systems
        • Nonequilibrium Systems
        • New Directions
  • Appendixes
    • B New Experimental Techniques
    • C New Materials
      • INTRODUCTION
      • NEW MATERIALS IN THE LAST DECADE
        • One- and Two-Dimensional Transition-Metal Chalcogenides
        • Materials with Open-Crystal Structures
        • The Magnetic Superconductors
        • Organic Conductors
        • New Superconductors
        • Glasses
        • Artificially Structured Materials
      • IMPACT OF NEW SYNTHESIS TECHNIQUES ON CONDENSED-MATTER PHYSICS
        • Thin Metallic Films
        • Epitaxial Materials
        • Metallic Superlattices
        • Materials Modification
        • Filamentary Materials
        • Metal Clusters
      • MAJOR CONCERNS
      • PROJECTIONS FOR THE FUTURE
    • D Laser Spectroscopy of Condensed Matter
      • INTRODUCTION
      • ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF THE PAST DECADE
        • Nonlinear Optical Spectroscopy
          • TWO-PHOTON SPECTROSCOPY
          • HOLE BURNING IN INHOMOGENEOUSLY BROADENED SPECTRA
          • OTHER NONLINEAR SPECTROSCOPY TECHNIQUES
        • Transient Optical Spectroscopy
        • Ultrafast Laser Spectroscopy
          • PICOSECOND LASER SPECTROSCOPY
          • FEMTOSECOND LASER SPECTROSCOPY
      • SOME DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
    • E National Facilities
      • INTRODUCTION
      • SYNCHROTRON RADIATION RESEARCH
        • Introduction
        • Summary of Present Synchrotron Facilities in the United States
          • Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS)
          • National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS)
          • Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL)
          • Synchrotron Radiation Center (SRC)
          • Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility (SURF)
        • Research Highlights of the Past Decade
        • Future Directions in Synchrotron Research
      • NEUTRON-SCATTERING FACILITIES
        • Description of Existing U.S. Facilities
        • Research Highlights of the 1970s
        • Future Directions
          • Epithermal Neutrons
          • Neutron Guides
          • High-Resolution Spectroscopy
          • Interferometry
        • Growth of the Neutron User Community
      • HIGH-MAGNETIC-FIELDS FACILITIES
        • Description of U.S. Facilities
        • Research Highlights of the 1970s
        • Opportunities
      • FACILITIES FOR ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
        • Introduction
        • Description of U.S. Facilities
        • Advances of the Past Decade in Electron Microscopy
        • Outlook for the Future
  • Contributors to This Volume
    • PART I
    • CHAPTER 1
    • CHAPTER 2
    • CHAPTER 3
    • CHAPTER 4
    • CHAPTER 5
    • CHAPTER 6
    • CHAPTER 7
    • CHAPTER 8
    • CHAPTER 9
    • CHAPTER 10
    • CHAPTER 11
    • APPENDIX D
    • APPENDIX E
  • Index

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