Based on a symposium sponsored by the Board on Agriculture, this comprehensive book explores the problem of pesticide resistance; suggests new approaches to monitor, control, or prevent resistance; and identifies the changes in public policy necessary to protect crops and human health from the ravages of pests. The volume synthesizes the most recent information from a wide range of disciplines, including entomology, genetics, plant pathology, biochemistry, economics, and public policy. It also suggests research avenues that would indicate how to counter future problems. A glossary provides the reader with additional guidance.
- Pesticide Resistance
- Copyright
- Contents
- Preface
- Executive Summary
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- Basic and Applied Research
- Implementation of Detection and Monitoring Techniques for Key Pests and Maintenance of Practices to Manage Resistance
- 1 Introduction
- THE MAGNITUDE OF THE RESISTANCE PROBLEM
- INTRODUCTION
- STATUS OF RESISTANCE
- FREQUENCY AND EXTENT OF RESISTANCE
- CONSEQUENCES OF RESISTANCE
- REFERENCES
- 2 Genetic, Biochemical, and Physiological Mechanisms of Resistance to Pesticides
- GENETIC BACKGROUND
- BIOCHEMICAL MECHANISMS
- PROMISING RESEARCH DIRECTIONS AND THEIR IMPLEMENTATION
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- REFERENCES
- WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS
- MODES AND GENETICS OF HERBICIDE RESISTANCE IN PLANTS
- INTRODUCTION
- POPULATION GENETICS
- BIOCHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL MODES OF RESISTANCE
- s-Triazines
- Paraquat
- Diclofop-Methyl
- Trifiuralin
- CROSS-RESISTANCE
- TRIAZINES
- Paraquat
- Trifiuralin
- Diclofop-Methyl
- GENETICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF RESISTANCE
- s-Triazines and Other Photosystem II Herbicides
- Other Herbicides
- LESSONS FROM BIOTECHNOLOGY
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
- GENETICS AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE IN ARTHROPODS: PROSPECTS FOR THE FUTURE
- INTRODUCTION
- GENETIC MECHANISMS CONFERRING RESISTANCE
- GENETICS OF RESISTANCE
- BIOCHEMISTRY OF RESISTANCE
- POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO RESISTANCE
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
- RESISTANCE TO 4-HYDROXYCOUMARIN ANTICOAGULANTS IN RODENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- INCIDENCE AND GENETICS OF WARFARIN RESISTANCE IN RODENTS
- WARFARIN ACTION AND RESISTANCE MECHANISM
- SECOND-GENERATION ANTICOAGULANT RODENTICIDES
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
- PLANT PATHOGENS
- INTRODUCTION
- GENETIC CONTROL OF RESISTANCE
- Appropriate Variability Apparently Unavailable
- One-Step Pattern
- Multistep Pattern
- RESISTANCE MECHANISMS
- Modification of Sensitive Site
- Membrane Transport Systems
- Detoxification or Nontoxification
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
- CHEMICAL STRATEGIES FOR RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT
- INTRODUCTION
- The Critical Role of Insecticides in Insect Control
- Integration of Chemical and Nonchemical Control Tactics
- The Need for New Insecticides
- TRENDS IN INSECTICIDE DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT
- The Declining Rate of Insecticide Development
- Increased Cost of Discovery
- Increased Costs of Registration
- Increased Costs of Production
- Increased Competition
- Relative Importance of Problems Limiting Development of New Compounds
- Current Strategies and Approaches in the Agrochemical Industry
- CHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS CAUSED BY RESISTANCE
- Understanding Resistance to Existing Insecticides
- Discovering New Insecticides
- Approaches to Finding and Optimizing Biological Activity
- New Targets for Insecticide Development
- Encouraging Fundamental Research
- National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
- U.S. Department of Agriculture
- Chemical Industry
- State IPM and Commodity Groups
- ENCOURAGING REGISTRATION AND DEVELOPMENT
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
- BIOTECHNOLOGY IN PESTICIDE RESISTANCE DEVELOPMENT
- INTRODUCTION
- BIOTECHNOLOGY TECHNIQUES
- BIOTECHNOLOGY AND XENOBIOTICS
- BIOTECHNOLOGY IN PESTICIDE RESISTANCE
- Resistance Development
- Resistance Management
- Resistance Circumvention
- Resistance Exploitation
- Application to Pesticides Other than Herbicides
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
- 3 Population Biology of Pesticide Resistance: Bridging the Gap Between Theory and Practical Applications
- A HEURISTIC MODEL OF MANAGING RESISTANCE
- USE OF POPULATION BIOLOGY THEORY AND CONCEPTS IN RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT
- GENETIC AND ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR MODELS OF THE POPULATION BIOLOGY OF RESISTANCE
- GENERAL AND SPECIFIC MODELS
- SOURCE OF DATA FOR MODEL CONSTRUCTION AND EVALUATION
- EVALUATING MODELS AND PROGRAMS FOR PESTICIDE RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT
- FOLKLORE, DOGMA, AND AD HOC PRACTICES
- IMPEDIMENTS
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
- REFERENCES
- WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS
- Population Biology of Pesticide Resistance. Bridging the Gap Between Theory and Practical Applications
- FACTORS INFLUENCING THE EVOLUTION OF RESISTANCE
- INTRODUCTION
- GENETIC FACTORS IN RESISTANCE
- BIOLOGICAL/ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN RESISTANCE
- OPERATIONAL FACTORS IN RESISTANCE
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
- POPULATION DYNAMICS AND THE RATE OF EVOLUTION OF PESTICIDE RESISTANCE
- INTRODUCTION
- CHARACTERISTIC TIME TO EVOLVE RESISTANCE
- MIGRATION AND GENE FLOW
- DENSITY DEPENDENCE AND PEST POPULATION DYNAMICS
- POPULATION DYNAMICS OF PESTS AND THEIR NATURAL ENEMIES
- MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS
- Life History Details
- High Dosage to Make R Effectively Recessive
- Heterozygote Superiority
- Pesticide Resistance Compared With Drug Resistance
- Pesticide Resistance Compared With Herbicide Resistance
- ECONOMIC COST OF PESTICIDE RESISTANCE
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
- COMPUTER SIMULATION AS A TOOL FOR PESTICIDE RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT
- INTRODUCTION
- MODELING ASSUMPTIONS
- INTERACTIONS
- TESTING MODELS
- MANAGEMENT APPLICATIONS
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
- PLEIOTROPY AND THE EVOLUTION OF GENETIC SYSTEMS CONFERRING RESISTANCE TO PESTICIDES
- INTRODUCTION
- EVOLUTION OF NEW FUNCTION IN MICROORGANISMS
- Selection Procedures
- Costs Associated with Pleiotropy
- MECHANISMS OF PESTICIDE RESISTANCE
- Specificity of the Response
- The Evolution of Pleiotropic Costs
- Evolution of Epistatic Resistance
- THE SHIFTING BALANCE THEORY
- Genetic Systems as Sets of Interacting Loci
- Shifts Among Peaks in the Adaptive Topography
- THE EVOLUTION OF PESTICIDE RESISTANCE
- Multiple Peaks in the Adaptive Topography
- Effects of Migration Between Treated and Untreated Areas
- A CALL FOR EMPIRICAL AND THEORETICAL WORK
- Empirical Studies of Rudimentary Resistance
- A Model of Epistatic Resistance
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
- QUANTITATIVE GENETIC MODELS AND THE EVOLUTION OF PESTICIDE RESISTANCE
- INTRODUCTION
- POLYGENIC RESISTANCE
- Selection for Tolerance
- Genetic Correlations Among Traits
- Genetic Correlations in Tolerance to Different Pesticides
- Other Approaches
- Alternating the Proportion of Acreage Sprayed with Different Compounds
- Temporal Alternation
- Use of More than Two Pesticides in a Given Area
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
- MANAGING RESISTANCE TO RODENTICIDES
- INTRODUCTION
- RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT
- PRACTICAL ATTEMPTS TO MANAGE RESISTANCE IN BRITAIN
- Nipping Resistance in the Bud
- Eradicating Widely Established Resistant Populations
- Containment of Resistant Populations
- Natural Selection
- NEW RODENTICIDES
- THE CAUSE OF RESISTANCE
- Users
- Industry
- Official Agencies
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
- RESPONSE OF PLANT PATHOGENS TO FUNGICIDES
- INTRODUCTION
- FUNGICIDE USE
- The Attraction of Fungicides
- Fungicide Application and Type
- PATHOGEN RESPONSE
- A Priori Considerations
- Dynamics
- AN EXAMPLE
- CONTROLLING THE PATHOGEN RESPONSE
- INTEGRATED DISEASE CONTROL
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
- REFERENCES
- EXPERIMENTAL POPULATION GENETICS AND ECOLOGICAL STUDIES OF PESTICIDE RESISTANCE IN INSECTS AND MITES
- INTRODUCTION
- INITIAL ALLELE FREQUENCY
- DOMINANCE
- RELATIVE FITNESSES
- Untreated Habitats
- Methods
- Data
- Coadaptation
- Treated Habitats
- ECOLOGICAL STUDIES
- RESEARCH NEEDS
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
- 4 Detection, Monitoring, and Risk Assessment
- METHODS AVAILABLE FOR RESISTANCE DETECTION, MONITORING, AND RISK ASSESSMENT
- RESEARCH ON RESISTANCE DETECTION AND MONITORING
- IMPLEMENTATION
- RESISTANCE-RISK ASSESSMENT
- IMPLEMENTATION OF RESISTANCE-RISK ASSESSMENT
- REFERENCES
- WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS
- PREDICTION OR RESISTANCE RISK ASSESSMENT
- INTRODUCTION
- INSECTICIDE AND ACARICIDE RESISTANCE
- HOUSE FLY RESISTANCE
- The Danish Experience
- Resistance in Other Regions
- Examples from Other Insect and Mite Species
- Laboratory Versus Field Selection
- Geographical Differences
- Fitness of Resistant Geno- and Phenotypes
- Mathematical Models
- RESISTANCE OF PLANT PATHOGENS
- HERBICIDE RESISTANCE
- RODENTICIDE RESISTANCE
- NEMATODE RESISTANCE
- CONCLUSION
- Elements of RRA
- Interpretation and Use of the Assessments
- Research Needs
- REFERENCES
- DETECTION AND MONITORING OF RESISTANT FORMS: AN OVERVIEW
- INTRODUCTION
- THE AIMS OF DETECTION AND MONITORING
- Potential for Resistance
- Shifts in Frequency or Severity of Resistance
- Checking Resistance Management Strategies
- Investigation of Suspected Resistance Problems
- Subsequent Changes in Resistance
- Guidance in Pesticide Selection
- Scientific Knowledge
- TIMING AND PLANNING OF SURVEYS
- Methods of Sampling and Testing
- ACHIEVEMENTS IN RESISTANCE MONITORING
- COOPERATION AND COMMUNICATION
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
- 5 Tactics for Prevention and Management
- TACTICS FOR RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT
- Variation in Dose or Rate
- Frequency of Application
- Local Rather Than Areawide Applications
- Treatments Based on Economic Threshold
- Use of Less Persistent Pesticides
- Life Stages of Pest
- Mixtures
- Alternations, Rotations, or Sequences of Pesticide Applications
- Pesticide Formulation Technology
- Synergists
- Exploiting Unstable Resistance
- Pesticide Selectivity
- New Toxophores with Alternate Sites of Action
- Protection and Use of Natural Enemies with Pesticide Tolerance
- Reintroduction of Susceptible Pests
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- REFERENCES
- WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS
- Tactics for Prevention and Management
- RESISTANCE IN WEEDS
- INTRODUCTION
- POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
- IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEM
- CONTROL
- Herbicide Mixtures
- Herbicide Rotation
- Crop Rotation
- Increased Cultivation
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
- PREVENTING OR MANAGING RESISTANCE IN ARTHROPODS
- INTRODUCTION
- RATE DETERMINING FACTORS
- TACTICS
- Reducing Frequencies of Resistant Alleles
- Decreasing Dominance of Resistance
- Minimizing Fitness of Resistant Genotypes
- Tactical Considerations in Insecticide Application
- CONSTRAINTS ON AUGMENTING TACTICS
- Erosion of Integrated Pest Management
- Resistance Risk Assessment
- Detection
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
- REFERENCES
- PREVENTING AND MANAGING FUNGICIDE RESISTANCE
- INTRODUCTION
- FUNGICIDE RESISTANCE
- BUILDUP OF A RESISTANT POPULATION
- SHORT-TERM TACTICS
- New Chemicals
- High-Risk Chemicals
- Rotation or Combination
- Low- or Moderate-Risk Chemicals
- LONG-TERM STRATEGIES
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
- CASE HISTORIES OF ANTICOAGULANT RESISTANCE
- INTRODUCTION
- CHICAGO
- Rat Bites
- Second-Generation Anticoagulants
- DECATUR
- UNITED KINGDOM
- DATA BASE
- Data Base—United States
- Cross-Resistance
- MANAGEMENT
- Second-Generation Anticoagulants
- Nonanticoagulant Alternatives
- PREDICTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- RESEARCH NEEDS
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
- 6 Implementing Management of Resistance to Pesticides
- EXTENSION, CONSULTANTS, AND PESTICIDE USERS
- Education
- Formalize Procedures for Management of Resistance to Pesticides
- REGULATORY AGENCIES
- Pesticide Resistance in Regulatory Decisions
- Resistance Management Information in Regulatory Agencies
- Funding
- PESTICIDE INDUSTRY
- Antitrust Concerns
- Registering Pesticide Mixtures
- Minor-Use Pesticides
- INTERNATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Roles of International Organizations
- Impact of U.S. Policy
- REFERENCES
- WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS
- Implementing Management of Resistance to Pesticides
- ACTIONS AND PROPOSED POLICIES FOR RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT BY AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL MANUFACTURERS
- INTRODUCTION
- INDUSTRY ACTIONS
- INTRA-INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATIONS
- Acylalanines
- Benzimidazoles
- Dicarboximides
- C14-Demethylation Inhibitors (Dmi)
- INDUSTRY POLICIES
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
- PESTICIDE RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT: AN EX-REGULATOR'S VIEW
- INTRODUCTION
- INFORMATION GATHERING
- Premarketing Data
- Postmarketing Data
- EDUCATION
- REGULATORY STRATEGY
- INDUSTRY
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
- THE ROLE OF REGULATORY AGENCIES IN DEALING WITH PESTICIDE RESISTANCE
- INTRODUCTION
- REGULATORY FUNCTIONS
- PESTICIDE REGISTRATION
- PESTICIDE USE ENFORCEMENT
- NONREGULATORY FUNCTIONS
- Monitoring
- Pest Management
- CONCLUSION
- THE ROLE OF COOPERATIVE EXTENSION AND AGRICULTURAL CONSULTANTS IN PESTICIDE RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT
- INTRODUCTION
- TRAINING COOPERATIVE EXTENSION AND CONSULTANTS
- Background of Pesticide Resistance
- Identification of High-Risk Pests and Pesticides
- Resistance Prevention Tactics
- Demonstration of Available Techniques
- IMPLEMENTATION
- Susceptibility Monitoring
- Management Programs
- Pest Samples
- Field Tests
- Data Reliability
- Designation Criteria
- Geographic Extent
- Bioassay Techniques
- Management Strategies
- EDUCATION
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
- INTEGRATION OF POLICY FOR RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT
- INTRODUCTION
- RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT AS A POLICY ISSUE
- COMPONENTS OF A RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
- Resistance Monitoring
- Resistance Risk Assessment
- Federal Pesticide Regulation
- State/Local Regulation and Management
- Pesticide Marketing
- Education
- New Pest-Control Tactics
- Structure of Research
- Funding a Resistance Management Program
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
- ECONOMIC ISSUES IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE APPROACHES TO PRESERVING PEST SUSCEPTIBILITY
- INTRODUCTION
- PEST SUSCEPTIBILITY: OPTIMAL USE OVER TIME
- RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT: INCENTIVES AND CONSTRAINTS
- ORGANIZATIONS TO MANAGE RESISTANCE
- Conditions Favoring No-Resistance Management
- Conditions Favoring Resistance Management by Farmers
- Conditions Favoring Voluntary, Multifarm Resistance Management (Cooperative, Community, Consultants' Clients)
- Conditions Favoring Resistance Management by a Single Chemical Company
- Conditions Favoring Resistance Management by Multiple Chemical Firms (Contracts, Informal Agreements)
- Conditions Favoring Use of Government Pest Control, Regulatory Agency, or Laws for Resistance Management
- POLICY IMPLICATIONS
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
- Glossary
- Index
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