Ruminant Nitrogen Usage

Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 9780309074605
eISBN Pdf: 9780309568012
Place of publication: United States
Year of digital publication: 1985
Month: January
Pages: 149
Language: English

Caption

This book brings together the latest research on protein absorption by ruminants and takes a look at the calculation of optimum nutrient requirements, including bacterial digestion, in the calculations. It also describes the parameters of nitrogen conversion in the ruminant and examines the different kinds of protein found in animal feedstuffs. "Animal Feed Science and Technology" calls it "essential for all scientists and teachers actively working in ruminant nutrition research and instruction."

Ruminant Nitrogen Usage
Copyright
Preface
Contents
Introduction
Parameter Names for Describing Protein Metabolism
- FRACTIONS OR POOLS
- TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS
Comparison of New Protein Systems for Ruminants
- INTRODUCTION
- FACTORS IN AVAILABILITY OF ABSORBED PROTEIN
  - Intake Protein per Unit of Dry Matter
  - Undegraded and Degraded Intake Protein per Unit of Intake Protein
  - Crude Bacterial Protein per Unit of Degraded Intake Protein
  - Crude Bacterial Protein per Unit of Fermented Organic Matter
  - Fermented Organic Matter per Unit of Digested Organic Matter
  - Crude Microbial Protein per Unit of Digestible Organic Matter
  - Digested Organic Matter per Unit of Dry Matter
  - True Bacterial Protein per Unit of Crude Microbial Protein
  - Digestible Bacterial Protein per Unit of True Bacterial Protein
  - Digestible Bacterial Protein per Unit of Crude Bacterial Protein
  - Digestible Nucleic Acid Nitrogen per Unit of Crude Nucleic Acid Nitrogen
  - Digestible Undegraded Protein per Unit of Undegraded Intake Protein
  - Fecal Metabolic Protein
- FACTORS IN THE REQUIREMENT FOR ABSORBED PROTEIN
  - Maintenance
    - FECAL METABOLIC PROTEIN
    - URINARY ENDOGENOUS PROTEIN
    - SURFACE PROTEIN
    - TOTAL
  - Production
    - LACTATION
    - CONCEPTUS
    - WEIGHT CHANGES IN LACTATION
    - GROWTH
    - DYNAMIC MODELS
- COMPARISON AND CHALLENGE OF SYSTEMS WITH IN VIVO DATA
  - Energy Standards
  - Additional Assumptions
  - Minimum Dietary Intake Protein Percentage
  - Optimum Undegradability
  - Protein Reaching the Small Intestine
    - IN VIVO REFERENCE DATA
    - SYSTEM COMPARISONS
  - Fecal Crude Protein Equivalent Excretion Relative to Crude Protein Percentage
  - Fecal Crude Protein Equivalent Excretion Relative to Milk Production
  - Urinary Crude Protein Equivalent Excretion Relative to Milk Production
  - Milk Nitrogen Output Relative to Milk Production
- CRITICAL COMMENTS ON OMISSIONS OF SOME SYSTEMS
Feed Evaluation
- RUMINAL DEGRADATION ESTIMATION
  - Laboratory Procedures
  - Animal Procedures
- PROTEIN INDIGESTIBILITY
- PROTEIN FRACTIONS AND DEGRADATION
Degradation of Dietary Crude Protein in the Reticulo-Rumen
- INTRODUCTION
- MECHANISM OF PROTEIN DEGRADATION
- MEASURING PROTEIN DEGRADATION
  - In Vivo Methods
  - In Situ Method for Estimating Protein Degradability
  - Protein Solubility as a Means of Estimating Protein Degradation
  - In Vitro Ammonia Production for Estimating Protein Degradation
- EXTENT OF PROTEIN DEGRADATION IN THE RUMEN
- FACTORS INFLUENCING PROTEIN DEGRADATION IN THE FORESTOMACH
  - Tertiary Structure of the Protein
  - Rumen Factors
  - Feed Processing and Storage
Microbial Growth
- INTRODUCTION
- MAJOR CLASSES OF ORGANISMS IN THE RUMEN
- BACTERIAL NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT
  - Carbohydrate
  - Protein or Nitrogen
  - Vitamins and Minerals
- PROTOZOA
- SPIROCHETES
- FUNGI
- MICROBIAL GROWTH AND FLOW
Digestion and Absorption in the Small Intestine
- NITROGEN SUPPLY
- DIGESTION SYSTEM
- ABSORPTION MECHANISMS
- EXTENT OF APPARENT ABSORPTION
- ENDOGENOUS LOSS
- EXTENT OF TRUE ABSORPTION
  - NAN and Amino Acids from the Stomach
  - Microbial Protein
  - Undegraded Intake Protein
  - Endogenous Nitrogen
- NITROGEN METABOLISM IN INTESTINAL TISSUE
- SYNOPSIS
Nitrogen Metabolism in the Large Intestine
Nitrogen Metabolism in Tissues
- AMINO ACID METABOLISM
  - Free Amino Acid Pools
  - Utilization of Amino Acids
  - Protein Synthesis
  - Synthesis of Nonprotein Compounds
  - Amino Acid Oxidation
  - Nitrogen Excretion
- PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS
  - Requirements for Maintenance
  - Requirements for Tissue Growth, Lactation, and Pregnancy
Application to Ruminant Feeding
- INTRODUCTION
- NEW CONCEPTS
  - Recycled N (RP)
  - Ruminal Ammonia
  - Microbial N Uptake and Efficiency
  - Intestinal Absorption of N
  - Fecal N of Nondietary Origin (Metabolic)
- CALCULATION OF DAILY ABSORBED TRUE PROTEIN NEEDED BY ANIMAL
- CALCULATION OF DAILY NEED OF TRUE PROTEIN IN THE SMALL INTESTINE OF THE ANIMAL
- CALCULATION OF FLOW OF TRUE PROTEIN TO SMALL INTESTINE
- CALCULATION OF AMOUNT OF NITROGEN AVAILABLE IN THE RUMEN FOR MICROBIAL SYNTHESIS
- EXAMPLE AND FORM FOR CALCULATING PROTEIN NEED AND DIETARY PROTEIN CHARACTERISTICS
  - Utilization of Nonprotein Nitrogen (NPN)
  - Computer Programs
  - Unresolved Problems and Some Areas Needing More Research
References
Appendix Tables
- DESCRIPTION OF APPENDIX TABLES 4 TO 6
- DESCRIPTION OF APPENDIX TABLES 7 AND 8
- DESCRIPTION OF APPENDIX TABLES 9 AND 10
Index

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