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Causes and Effects of Stratospheric Ozone Reduction

Causes and Effects of Stratospheric Ozone Reduction

An Update

  • Publisher: National Academies Press
  • ISBN: 9780309032483
  • eISBN Pdf: 9780309554305
  • Place of publication:  United States
  • Year of digital publication: 1982
  • Month: January
  • Pages: 352
  • Language: English
  • Causes and Effects of Stratospheric Ozone Reduction: An Update
  • Copyright
  • Contents
  • PREFACE
  • SUMMARY
    • Introduction
      • Chemistry and Physics of Ozone Reduction
        • Key Findings and Conclusions
        • Recommendations
      • Biological Effects of Increased Solar Ultraviolet Radiation
        • Key Findings and Conclusions
  • PART I: CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS OF OZONE REDUCTION
    • Chapter 1—Current Status
      • INTRODUCTION
      • PROCESSES DETERMINING OZONE CONCENTRATIONS
        • Perturbations by Chlorine
        • Perturbations by Oxides of Nitrogen
        • Perturbations by Other Species
      • CURRENT STATUS OF MODELS OF THE STRATOSPHERE
      • MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT OF TRENDS
      • THE QUESTION OF EARLY DETECTION
      • UNCERTAINTY
      • FINDINGS
      • RECOMMENDATIONS
  • PART II—BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF INCREASED SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
    • Chapter 2—Introduction
      • THE PROBLEM
      • THE UNDERLYING BIOLOGICAL QUESTIONS
    • Chapter 3—Molecular and Cellular Studies
      • SUMMARY
      • INTRODUCTION
        • Damage to DNA
        • DNA Repair
      • ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE
        • Transformation of Cells in Culture
        • Photoproducts in DNA
        • Action Spectra for Affecting Simple Cellular Systems
        • Effects of UV on Photoproducts in Animal and Human Skin
        • Action Spectra for Immune Responses
        • Mitigation and Enhancement of UV-B Effects by Light at Other Wavelengths
          • Sunlight and UV-B in Bacterial Systems
          • Sunlight or Broad-Band Radiation and Mammalian Cells
      • RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS
    • Chapter 4—Ecosystems and their Components
      • SUMMARY
      • INTRODUCTION
      • EFFECTS ON PLANTS
        • Research Difficulties
        • Advances in Knowledge
      • EFFECTS ON DOMESTIC ANIMALS
      • EFFECTS ON AQUATIC ORGANISMS
        • Research Difficulties
        • Advances in Knowledge
      • RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS
    • Chapter 5—Direct Human Health Hazards
      • SUMMARY
      • ANATOMICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SKIN AND BLOOD
      • EFFECTS OTHER THAN CANCER
        • Acute Responses of Normal Skin to UV: Whole Organ Inflammation
        • Long-term Effects of UV on Skin: Solar Degeneration
        • Effects of UV on the Immune System
        • Effects of UV on the Eye
      • CANCER EFFECTS
        • Basal and Squamous Cell Skin Cancers
          • What was Known by 1979
          • Advances in Knowledge
        • Melanomas
          • What was Known by 1979
          • Advances in Knowledge
      • PROTECTION AGAINST DAMAGE FROM SUNLIGHT
      • RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • GLOSSARY
    • A
      • B
        • C
        • D
        • E
        • F
        • H
        • I
        • L
        • M
        • N
        • O
        • P
        • R
        • S
        • T
        • U
        • X
  • LIST OF CHEMICAL SYMBOLS
  • APPENDIXES
    • Appendix A—Perturbations of the Stratosphere and Ozone Depletion
      • Historical Background
      • Natural Perturbations to Atmospheric Ozone
      • Man's Impact: Assessment and Uncertainty in 1981
      • Recommendations for Research
      • References
    • Appendix B—Stratospheric Perturbations—the Role of Dynamics, Transport, and Climate Change
      • Introduction
      • Progress in Quantitative Models of Transport
        • One-Dimensional Models
        • Two-Dimensional Models
        • Three-Dimensional Models
      • Advances in Theoretical Understanding of Stratospheric Transport
      • Connections Between Stratospheric Ozone, Stratospheric Temperature Structure, and Climate Change
      • References
    • Appendix C—Recent Developments in Stratospheric Photochemistry
      • Introduction
      • Effects of New Kinetic Data on Model Results
        • Species Concentrations
        • Rates for Catalytic Cycles
        • Global Distribution and Balance of Ozone
        • Ozone Response to Environmental Change
      • Outstanding Problems of Present Models for the Stratosphere
        • Long-lived Trace Gases
        • Chemistry at High Latitudes
        • Chemistry of Key Radicals
      • Summary Statement
      • References
    • Appendix D—The Measurement of Trace Reactive Species in the Stratosphere: A Review of Recent Results
      • Introduction
      • Review of Data Base on Trace Species
        • Group 1: Reactive Trace Constituents Containing Chlorine
          • Chlorine Monoxide (ClO)
          • Chlorine (Cl)
          • Chlorine Dioxide Radical (ClOO)
          • Symmetrical Chlorine Dioxide (OClO)
          • Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
          • Hydrogen Oxychloride (HOCl)
          • Chlorine Nitrate (ClONO2)
        • Group 2: Reactive Trace Species Containing Hydrogen
          • The Hydroxyl Radical (OH)
          • The Hydroperoxyl Radical (HO2)
          • Atomic Hydrogen (H)
          • Molecular Hydrogen (H2)
          • Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)
          • Water Vapor (H2O)
        • Group 3: Oxygen
          • Atomic Oxygen in the Ground State (O(3P))
          • Atomic Oxygen in an Excited State (O(1D))
          • Singlet Delta Molecular Oxygen (O2(1Δ))
          • Singlet Sigma Molecular Oxygen (O2(b1Σ))
          • Other Electronically Excited States of Molecular Oxygen (O2*)
          • Ozone (O3)
        • Group 4: Reactive Trace Constituents Containing Nitrogen
          • Nitric Oxide (NO)
          • Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
          • Atomic Nitrogen (N)
          • The Nitrate Radical (NO3)
          • Dinitrogen Pentoxide (N2O5)
          • Nitrous Acid (HONO)
          • Nitric Acid (HONO2)
        • Group 5: Reactive Trace Constituents Containing Bromine
          • The Bromine Monoxide Radical (BrO)
          • Atomic Bromine (Br)
          • The Bromine Dioxide Radical (BrO2)
          • Bromine Dioxide (OBrO)
          • Hydrogen Bromide (HBr)
          • Hydrogen Oxybromide (HOBr)
          • Bromine Nitrate (BrONO2)
        • Group 6: Reactive Trace Constituents Containing Fluorine
          • Fluorine Monoxide (FO)
          • Atomic Fluorine (F)
          • The Fluorine Dioxide Radical (FO2)
          • Fluorine Dioxide (OFO)
          • Hydrogen Fluoride (HF)
      • How Well does the Current Data Base on Stratospheric Reactive Trace Species Constrain Model Predictions of Ozone...
        • Chlorine-Induced Destruction of Ozone
          • The [ClO] Profile
          • The [OH] Profile
        • Nitrogen Induced Destruction of Ozone
          • The [NO2] Profile
          • The [HONO2] Profile
          • The Profile of the Ratio of [O(3P)] to [O3]
      • Stratospheric Trace Species Measurements: Prospects for the Next Three Years
      • References
    • Appendix E—Trend Analysis of Total Ozone
      • Introduction
      • Statistical Analysis of the Dobson Network
      • Spatial Bias
      • Low-Frequency Variations
      • Summary and Recommendations
      • References
    • Appendix F—Detection of Trends in the Vertical Distribution of Ozone
      • Umkehr Method
      • Balloon-Borne Ozonesondes
      • Satellite Methods
      • Questions of Causality
      • Conclusions
      • Recommendations
      • References
    • Appendix G—The Association of DNA Damage with Cancer-Initiating Events
    • Appendix H—Participants in the Workshop on Biological Effects of Increased Solar Ultraviolet Radiation
    • Appendix I—Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and Consultants
      • Committee Members
      • Consultants

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