Used historically in urban areas but now mainly in institutions, district heating and cooling systems—efficient centralized energy systems that may use energy sources other than petroleum—have gained renewed interest. This volume is a nontechnical examination of the history and current extent of district heating and cooling systems in the United States, their costs and benefits, technical requirements, market demand for them, and European experience with such systems, with major focus on the problems of financing, regulation, and taxation. Appendixes provide case studies of cities and towns currently using district heating and cooling systems.
- District Heating and Cooling in the United States
- Copyright
- Preface
- Contents
- List of Figures and Tables
- Executive Summary
- 1 Introduction
- HOW DISTRICT HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEMS WORK
- Fuels
- Thermal Production System
- Transmission and Distribution
- Customers
- ATTRIBUTES OF DISTRICT HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEMS
- 2 History and Background
- HISTORY OF DISTRICT HEATING
- THE RECENT REVIVAL
- THE CURRENT EXTENT OF DISTRICT HEATING AND COOLING IN THE UNITED STATES
- THE EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE
- 3 The Market for District Heating and Cooling
- THE ARGONNE MODEL
- PROSPECTS AND USES
- DISTRICT HEATING AND COOLING MARKETS
- 4 Impediments
- DATA AND INFORMATION
- TAXES AND FEES
- REGULATION
- COSTS
- FINANCING
- 5 Leadership, Strategy, And Institutional Arrangements
- LEADERSHIP AND STRATEGY
- COORDINATED POLICY ACTION
- 6 Technology and Product Development
- RESEARCH DIRECTIONS
- RESEARCH DISSEMINATION
- 7 Conclusions and Recommendations
- DISTRICT HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEMS
- REGULATION
- TAXES
- DATA AND INFORMATION
- THE FEDERAL ROLE
- FINANCING
- TECHNOLOGY AND PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
- Appendix A Case Studies
- ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA
- Conversion of Building Heating Systems
- Financing
- How the Financing Works
- Conclusion
- WILLMAR, MINNESOTA
- PIQUA, OHIO
- TRENTON, NEW JERSEY
- JAMESTOWN, NEW YORK
- Thermal Source
- Transmission System
- Customer Costs
- Economic Analysis
- BALTIMORE, MARYLAND
- Project Identification
- Project Team Organization
- Project Development
- Utility Regulation
- PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA
- FAIRBANKS, ALASKA
- LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA
- Appendix B Systems in the Washington, D.C., and Baltimore Metropolitan Areas
- MILITARY
- COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES
- RESIDENTIAL
- GOVERNMENTAL
- MEDICAL
- INSTITUTIONAL
- Appendix C District Heating in Europe
- FACTORS INFLUENCING DISTRICT HEATING IN EUROPE
- GOVERNMENT PLANNING
- Appendix D Technical Assessment, City of Baltimore District Heating Project
- METHODOLOGY
- THERMAL DEMAND ASSESSMENT
- THERMAL SUPPLY
- THERMAL TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
- ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
- Fuel Equivalent Net Revenue Analysis
- Total End User Energy Cost Analysis
- SUMMARY
- References
- Glossary Of Acronyms
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