This book provides a comprehensive review of geomagnetism and describes the scope of the science and its interdisciplinary importance. It explores a wide range of synergistic linkages in geophysical research and associated applications related to the geomagnetic field, as well as corresponding challenges and opportunities.
- The National Geomagnetic Initiative
- Copyright
- Preface
- Contents
- THE NATIONAL GEOMAGNETIC INITIATIVE
- 1 Executive Summary
- INTRODUCTION
- SCIENTIFIC AND SOCIETAL ISSUES
- Main Field and Core Processes
- Electromagnetic Induction in the Solid Earth and Oceans
- Lithospheric Magnetic Anomalies
- Magnetospheric and Ionospheric Processes
- Operational Aspects and Data Availability
- OVERVIEW OF RECOMMENDATIONS
- 2 Scientific Framework
- THE GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
- THE DYNAMICS OF THE GLOBAL GEOMAGNETIC ENVIRONMENT
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- 3 Scientific Issues and Research Opportunities
- ISSUE 1: DYNAMICS OF THE EARTH'S CORE AND FLUCTUATIONS IN THE MAIN FIELD
- Core Dynamics and the Dynamo
- Core-Mantle Coupling
- Main Field and Secular Variation
- Recommendations
- ISSUE 2: LITHOSPHERIC MAGNETIC ANOMALIES
- Scientific and Societal Framework
- Tectonic Relevance of Magnetic Anomalies
- Oceanic Anomalies
- Continental Anomalies
- Global and Regional Anomalies
- U.S. Magnetic Anomaly Map
- Analysis and Interpretation of Magnetic Anomalies
- Rock Magnetism and Petrology
- Exposed and Shallow Sources
- Intermediate-Depth and Deep Magnetic Sources
- Oceanic Sources
- Recommendations
- ISSUE 3: MAGNETOSPHERIC AND IONOSPHERIC PROCESSES—COORDINATED SATELLITE AND GROUND-BASED STUDIES
- Solar Wind Coupling to the Magnetosphere, Ionosphere, and Upper Atmosphere
- Magnetic Pulsations and Rapid Temporal Variations
- New Programs in Solar-Terrestrial Physics
- Recommendations
- ISSUE 4: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION IN THE SOLID EARTH AND OCEANS
- Imaging Earth Conductivity
- Background on Natural EM-Field Methods
- Monitoring Large-Scale Fluid Motions in the Oceans
- Research Needs for Electromagnetic Induction Studies
- Crust
- Upper Mantle
- Middle and Lower Mantle
- Material Properties
- Recommendations
- 4 Observational Needs and Facilities
- LAND AND OCEAN FLOOR MEASUREMENTS
- MARINE AND AIRCRAFT MEASUREMENTS
- SATELLITE MEASUREMENTS
- PREHISTORICAL RECONSTRUCTIONS, HISTORICAL DATA, AND LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- 5 Data Management
- DATA, METADATA, DATA QUALITY, AND FORMATS
- DATA CENTERS
- DATA AVAILABILITY
- DERIVED PRODUCTS
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- 6 Communication and Coordination
- INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC UNIONS AND PROGRAMS
- NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- Appendix A Topical Working Group Reports
- NOTE
- A1. The Magnetosphere, Ionosphere, and Atmosphere
- Scientific Framework
- Magnetosphere
- Ionosphere and Atmosphere
- Geomagnetic Pulsations and Transients
- Long-Period and Impulsive Events
- Irregular Variations
- Pc 3-4 Pulsations
- Pc 1-2 Emissions
- Scientific Issues to Be Addressed
- Applications of Geospace Studies
- Operational Considerations
- Need for Comprehensive Magnetic Field Measurements
- Observational Concerns
- Spacecraft Observations
- Ground Stations
- Station Spacing
- Data Retrieval
- Data Archival
- General Recommendations
- Data Management Requirements
- Magnetic Indices
- Ground-Based Arrays
- Satellites
- Modeling
- A2. Understanding the Nature and Evolution of the Lithosphere From Magnetic Anomalies
- Scientific Framework
- Societal Applications
- Specific Issues and Research Foci
- Magnetic Anomaly Studies
- Studies of Oceanic Lithosphere
- Studies of Continental Lithosphere
- Global and Regional Studies
- Analysis and Interpretation Techniques
- Rock Magnetism and Petrology
- Exposed and Shallow Crystalline Rocks
- Exposed and Shallow Sedimentary Rocks
- Intermediate-Depth and Deep Magnetic Sources
- Oceanic Sources
- Programmatic and Operational Considerations
- Conclusions and Recommendations
- New and Improved Regional and Global Data Sets
- Better Ways to Interpret Data
- Rock Magnetic and Petrologic Studies
- A3. Electromagnetic Induction Studies in the Earth and Oceans
- Scientific Rationale
- Research Questions
- Applications
- Operational Considerations
- Programmatic Aspects
- Recommendations
- A4. Main Field and Core Processes1
- Scientific Framework
- Present-Day Secular Variations
- Paleo-Variations
- Specific Issues
- How Can Better Spatial and Temporal Descriptions of the Main Geomagnetic Field Be Obtained?
- How Should Those Descriptions of the Main Geomagnetic Field be Interpreted in Terms of Mantle Proper ...
- How Can a Theory of Core Processes be Provided?
- Applications
- Operational Needs
- Improved Global Models of the Geomagnetic Field
- Long-Period Variations: The Need for Archaeomagnetic and Paleomagnetic Syntheses
- Priorities
- Programmatic Aspects
- Scientific Organizations
- Governmental Agencies
- Conclusions and Recommendations
- Appendix B Operational Working Group Reports
- B1. Operational Platforms
- Stationary Platforms on the Surface and Seafloor
- Introduction
- Issues and Approaches
- Current Status—Surface Platforms
- Current Status—Seafloor Platforms
- Current Status—Instruments
- Current Status—Data Collection and Distribution
- Future Initiatives—Surface Platforms
- Future Initiatives—Seafloor Platforms
- Future Initiatives—Global Geomagnetic Indices
- Recommendations
- Airborne/Shipborne Facilities
- Enhanced Capabilities
- Data Acquisition
- Ships of Opportunity
- National Airborne Survey
- High-Altitude Airborne Survey
- High-Latitude Airborne Surveys
- Rock Properties
- Minimal Survey Requirements
- Regional Low-Level Airborne Surveys
- Ship Surveys
- Positioning
- Technology Development
- Airborne System Improvements
- Magnetometers
- Satellite Platforms
- Scientific Framework
- Specific Scientific and Societal Issues
- Scientific Issue A1: Magnetosphere, Ionosphere, and Atmosphere
- Scientific Issue A2: Lithospheric Fields
- Scientific Issue A3: Electromagnetic Induction
- Scientific Issue A4: Main Field and Core Processes
- Magnetic Field Satellite Requirements
- Continuous Measurement of the Geomagnetic Field (Magsat-Quality Instrumentation)
- Low-Altitude Surveys
- Sun-Earth Lagrangian Point Measurements
- Geosynchronous Measurements
- "Imaging" the Three-dimensional Ionospheric Current Systems
- Present, Planned, and Suggested Magnetic Field Satellite Missions
- Presently Operating
- Planned Satellites
- Other Suggested Missions
- Recommendations for Near-Term Missions
- Recommendations for Long-Term Missions
- Conclusions
- B2. Data Management Systems
- New Directions and New Needs
- Key Issues
- Data Bases
- Data Archives
- Data Access
- Data Products
- Components of Data Management
- Data Bases
- Data Archives
- Identification of Data to Be Archived
- Identification of Archive Centers
- Distributed Data Systems
- Data Access
- Derived Products
- Recommendations
- B3. Interagency Communication and Coordination
- Introduction
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
- U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
- U.S. Department of Defense (DOD)
- Defense Mapping Agency (DMA)
- Department of the Navy
- Department of the Air Force
- National Science Foundation (NSF)
- Recommendations
- Appendix C Workshop Organization
- BACKGROUND ON OBJECTIVES AND FORMAT
- A. Objectives
- B. Size of Meeting
- C. Selection of Participants
- D. General Guidelines for Pre-Workshop Activity
- E. Venue for the Workshop
- F. The Working Groups and Subgroups
- G. The Product
- MEMBERSHIP OF TOPICAL WORKING GROUPS AND SUBGROUPS
- A1. The Magnetosphere, Ionosphere, and Atmosphere (Chairperson: James Slavin)
- A2. Lithospheric Magnetic Fields (Chairperson: Richard Blakely)
- A3. Electromagnetic Studies of the Solid Earth and Oceans (Chairperson: John Booker)
- A4. Main Field and Core Processes (Chairperson: David Loper)
- MEMBERSHIP OF OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS WORKING GROUPS
- B1. Operational Platforms (Chairperson: James Heirtzler)
- B2. Data Management Systems (Chairperson: Joe Allen1; Herbert Meyers)
- B3 Interagency Coordination and Communication (Chairperson: Christopher Harrison)
- Workshop on the National Geomagnetic Initiative 16-20 March 1992
- Appendix D Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Special Names
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