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Fire and Smoke

Fire and Smoke

Understanding the Hazards

  • Publisher: National Academies Press
  • ISBN: 9780309062312
  • eISBN Pdf: 9780309568609
  • Place of publication:  United States
  • Year of digital publication: 1986
  • Month: January
  • Pages: 167
  • Language: English
  • FIRE AND SMOKE: UNDERSTANDING THE HAZARDS
  • Copyright
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • PREFACE
  • Contents
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
    • HAZARD ASSESSMENT VS. RISK ASSESSMENT
    • ASSESSMENT OF FIRE HAZARD
    • THE TESTING OF COMBUSTION-PRODUCT TOXICITY
    • CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  • INTRODUCTION
  • 1 FIRE DEATHS IN THE UNITED STATES
    • SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM
    • CAUSES OF FIRE DEATH
    • THE CONTEMPORARY FIRE ENVIRONMENT
  • 2 A PRIMER ON FIRE AND FIRE HAZARD
    • THE BURNING PROCESS
    • A TYPICAL COMPARTMENT FIRE
    • FIRE HAZARD ASSESSMENT
      • DEFINITIONS:RISK AND HAZARD
      • QUANTIFYING HAZARD
    • TIME NEEDED FOR ESCAPE
    • TIME AVAILABLE FOR ESCAPE
      • BURNING OF A SINGLE ITEM
      • BURNING OF MULTIPLE ITEMS
  • 3 STATUS OF FIRE HAZARD MODELS AND TEST METHODS
    • INTRODUCTION
    • DETECTION MODELS
    • MODELS FOR TIME AVAILABLE FOR ESCAPE
      • THE HARVARD MODELS
      • OTHER TWO-LAYER MODELS
      • FIELD MODELS
      • EXAMPLE OF CALCULATIONS FOR MODEL FOR TAE
    • MODELS FOR TIME NEEDED FOR ESCAPE
    • TEST METHODS FOR MODEL INPUT DATA
      • BURNING RATE
      • RATE OF PRODUCTION OF SMOKE AND TOXICANTS
      • TOXICITY DATA
      • IGNITABILITY
    • SUMMARY
  • 4 HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH FIRES
    • HEAT
    • OXYGEN DEPLETION
    • SMOKE
      • WATER
      • PARTICLES (SOOT AND AEROSOLS)
      • GASES
        • Carbon Dioxide
        • Carbon Monoxide
        • Hydrogen Cyanide
      • IRRITANTS
        • Hyrdrogen Chloride
        • Hydrogen Fluoride
        • Sulfur Dioxide
        • Nitrogen Dioxide
        • Hydrogen Sulfide
      • ALIPHATIC AND AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
      • FREE RADICALS
      • INTERACTIONS AMONG COMPONENTS
    • HEALTH EFFECTS OF SMOKE INHALATION ON HUMANS EXPOSED TO FIRES
      • IMMEDIATE EFFECTS
      • EARLY POSTEXPOSURE EFFECTS
      • LONG-TERM SEQUELAE
        • Long-Term Sequelae after Single Exposures
        • Long-Term Sequelae after Repeated Exposures
        • Cancer
    • SUMMARY
  • 5 LABORATORY METHODS FOR EVALUATION OF TOXIC POTENCY OF SMOKE
    • USE OF COMBUSTION-PRODUCT TOXICITY TESTS: TO SCREEN OR NOT TO SCREEN
    • CHEMICAL ANALYSIS VS. BIOLOGIC ASSAY
    • TEST METHODS THAT USE DEATH AS AN END POINT
      • BIOASSAY OF SMOKE POTENCY
      • LIMITATIONS IN USE OF BIOLOGIC DATA
      • GERMAN DIN 53 436 METHOD
      • NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS METHOD
      • UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH METHOD
      • COMPARISON OF TEST METHODS
        • Acute Toxicity
        • Anatomic Changes
        • Test Subjects
        • Physical Test Characteristics
        • Furnace Dimensions
        • Heat Transfer and Oxygen Availability
        • Heating Regimen
        • Combustion Chamber Atmosphere
        • Exposure System
        • Physical Artifacts
        • Comparison of Data from NBS and Pittsburgh Tests
      • COMPARISON OF TEST METHODS WITH GUIDELINES FROM 1977 NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL REPORT
    • TEST METHODS THAT USE NONLETHAL END POINTS
      • FACTORS THAT IMPEDE ESCAPE
      • OBSERVATIONAL METHODS
        • Motorized Activity Wheels
        • Hind-Leg Flexion
        • Sensory Irritation and Physiologic Stress
      • OTHER METHODS
        • Unsignaled-Shock Avoidance/Escape
        • Water-Reinforced Task
        • Rotorod with Electrified Grill Floor
        • Multisensory Conditioned Pole-Climb Avoidance
        • Analysis of Use of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid to Detect Acute Nonlethal Lung Toxicity
    • SUMMARY
  • 6 GUIDELINES FOR HAZARD ASSESSMENT: CASE STUDIES
    • CASE STUDY 1: BURNING OF AN UPHOLSTERED CHAIR
      • STEP 1: DEFINING SCENARIOS
        • Environment
        • Fuel and Ignition
        • Conditions of Exposure
      • STEP:COMPUTING TAE AS A FUNCTION OF FIRE AND SMOKE PROPERTIES
        • Fire Model
        • Burning of Upholstered Furniture
        • Results of Calculations
      • STEP 3: DECIDING ON MINIMAL ACCEPTABLE TAE
      • STEP 4: SPECIFYING FIRE AND SMOKE PROPERTIES
    • CASE STUDY 2: CONCEALED COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL
      • STEP 1: DEFINING SCENARIOS
      • STEP 2: COMPUTING TAE AS FUNCTION OF FIRE AND SMOKE PROPERTIES
        • Fire Buildup in Room
        • Thermal Condition Behind Wall
      • Response to Thermal Conditions Behind the Wall
      • Contribution of Two Fires to Smoke
      • STEPS 3 AND 4: DECIDING ON MINIMAL ACCEPTABLE TAE AND SPECIFYING FIRE AND SMOKE PROPERTIES
    • SUMMARY
      • DEFINING THE SCENARIO
      • RELATING TAE TO FIRE PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
      • SELECTING MINIMAL ACCEPTABLE TAE
      • SPECIFYING PRODUCT PERFORMANCE
  • REFERENCES

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  • Loan duration: 21 days
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