Rainforests are rapidly being cleared in the humid tropics to keep pace with food demands, economic needs, and population growth. Without proper management, these forests and other natural resources will be seriously depleted within the next 50 years.
Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment in the Humid Tropics provides critically needed direction for developing strategies that both mitigate land degradation, deforestation, and biological resource losses and help the economic status of tropical countries through promotion of sustainable agricultural practices. The book includes:
- A practical discussion of 12 major land use options for boosting food production and enhancing local economies while protecting the natural resource base.
- Recommendations for developing technologies needed for sustainable agriculture.
- A strategy for changing policies that discourage conserving and managing natural resources and biodiversity.
- Detailed reports on agriculture and deforestation in seven tropical countries.
- Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment in the HUMID TROPICS
- Copyright
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Contents
- Executive Summary
- FINDINGS
- LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT: A GLOBAL REQUIREMENT
- THE HUMID TROPICS
- Forest Conversion
- CAUSES OF FOREST CONVERSION
- CONSEQUENCES OF FOREST CONVERSION
- Agriculture in the Humid Tropics
- Adopting an Integrated Approach to Land Use
- SUSTAINABLE LAND USE OPTIONS
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- Technical Research Needs
- DOCUMENTATION OF LAND USE SYSTEMS
- INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE
- MONITORING
- Policy Strategies
- POLICY REVIEWS
- GLOBAL EQUITY
- Supporting Sustainable Agriculture
- CREATION OF AN ENABLING ENVIRONMENT
- INCENTIVES
- PARTNERSHIPS
- CONCLUSION
- PART ONE
- 1 Agriculture and the Environment in the Humid Tropics
- THE HUMID TROPICS
- FOREST CHARACTERISTICS AND BENEFITS
- Local and Global Climatic Interactions
- Biological Diversity
- Products and Commodities
- Nutrient Cycling
- Protection of Soils
- Stabilization of Hydrological Systems
- Water Availability and Quality
- Mitigation of Storm Impacts
- CONVERSION OF HUMID TROPIC FORESTS
- Deforestation Rates Within Regions of the Humid Tropics
- Causes of Forest Conversion
- Historical Patterns of Forest Conversion
- Consequences of Forest Conversion
- ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES
- SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES
- ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES
- SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE IN THE HUMID TROPICS
- Constraints on Agricultural Productivity
- CLIMATE
- SOILS
- BIOLOGICAL FACTORS
- The Path to Sustainable Agriculture
- THE NEED FOR AN INTEGRATED APPROACH
- MOVING TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY
- 2 Sustainable Land Use Options
- INTENSIVE CROPPING SYSTEMS
- The Development of Intensive Agriculture
- Programs and Research Activities
- Implications for Forest Boundary Stabilization
- SHIFTING CULTIVATION
- Stabilization Guidelines
- Managed Fallows and Forests in Mexico: An Example
- Low-Input Cropping: A Transition Technology
- AGROPASTORAL SYSTEMS
- Features and Benefits of Agropastoral Farms
- Requirements for Greater Sustainability
- CATTLE RANCHING
- Cattle Pastureland in Asia
- Cattle Pastureland in Africa
- Cattle Pastureland in Latin America
- Pasture Degradation: A Common Feature
- Reclamation of Degraded Pasture on Deforested Lands
- The Appropriate Pasture Technology for Sustainability
- AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS
- Types of Traditional Agroforestry Systems in the Humid Tropics
- Improved Agroforestry Systems
- IMPROVED TREES AND WOODY SHRUBS
- ARRANGEMENT OF TREES, CROPS, AND LIVESTOCK
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Agroforestry
- Research Priorities
- MIXED TREE SYSTEMS
- Past and Present Forest Management
- Mixed Tree Systems Throughout the World
- The Role of Mixed Tree Systems in Tropical Forest Conservation
- PERENNIAL TREE CROP PLANTATIONS
- Plantation Crops and Economic Development
- Environmental Effects
- Investments for Sustainability
- PLANTATION FORESTRY
- REGENERATING AND SECONDARY FORESTS
- Factors Affecting Forest Regeneration
- SHORT-TERM FACTORS
- LONG-TERM FACTORS
- Fire
- Acceleration of Forest Regeneration
- THE ROLE OF SECONDARY FORESTS
- NATURAL FOREST MANAGEMENT
- Forest Management in the Humid Tropics
- Management Systems
- UNIFORM SHELTERWOOD SYSTEMS
- STRIP SHELTERWOOD SYSTEMS
- SELECTION SYSTEMS
- Constraints on Sustainable Forestry
- MODIFIED FORESTS
- FOREST RESERVES
- Defining a Role for Extractive Reserves
- 3 Technological Imperatives for Change
- KNOWLEDGE ABOUT LAND USE OPTIONS
- A Comparison of Land Use System Attributes
- Indigenous Knowledge and Production Systems
- LAND USE DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
- Sustainability and the Integration of Land Uses
- Land Use Patterns and Land Classification
- Maintenance of Biomass
- Monitoring Systems and Methodologies
- ECOLOGICAL GUIDELINES FOR SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT
- TECHNICAL NEEDS COMMON TO ALL LAND USE OPTIONS
- Pest Management
- Nutrient Cycling
- Water Management
- COMMODITY-SPECIFIC RESEARCH NEEDS
- 4 Policy-Related Imperatives for Change
- MANAGING FOREST AND LAND RESOURCES
- Reviews of Existing Policies
- Planning of Major Infrastructure Projects
- National Resource Management Agencies
- Biodiversity
- Global Equity Considerations
- REFERENCES
- APPENDIX Emissions of Greenhouse Gases from Tropical Deforestation and Subsequent Uses of the Land
- EFFECTS OF LAND USE CHANGE ON GLOBAL CLIMATE
- MAJOR LAND USE CHANGES RESPONSIBLE FOR THE FLUX OF GREENHOUSE GASES
- Permanent Agriculture
- Pastures
- Degradation of Croplands and Pastures
- Shifting Cultivation
- TRADITIONAL LONG-ROTATION SHIFTING CULTIVATION
- SHORT-ROTATION SHIFTING CULTIVATION
- ENCROACHING CULTIVATION
- Tree Plantations
- Logging
- Degraded Forests
- ESTIMATED FLUX OF GREENHOUSE GASES FROM LAND USE CHANGES
- Carbon
- BIOMASS BURNING
- TROPICAL SYSTEMS AS CARBON SINKS
- Other Greenhouse Gases
- METHANE
- NITROUS OXIDE
- CARBON MONOXIDE
- Total Radiative Effect from All Gases Released as a Result of Tropical Deforestation
- ESTIMATING FUTURE IMPACTS
- Carbon Accounting Models
- Models that Integrate Socioeconomic and Ecologic Aspects of Land Use Change
- FACTORS AFFECTING LAND USE CHANGES
- MODELS
- SUSTAINABILITY AND THE REDUCTION OF FUTURE IMPACTS
- Agroforestry
- Carbon Sinks
- Priorities for Future Research
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
- PART TWO
- Country Profiles
- Brazil
- BASIS FOR SUSTAINABILITY ANALYSIS OF AMAZONIAN AGRICULTURE
- THE BRAZILIAN HUMID TROPICS
- The Environment
- Macroecologic Units
- AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
- Chronological Agricultural Development
- Physical and Economic Agricultural Development
- AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN NORTHEASTERN PARÁ
- AGRICULTURE IN VÁRZEA FLOODPLAINS
- AGRICULTURE IN FRONTIER EXPANSION AREAS
- AGRICULTURE IN OFFICIAL COLONIZATION AREAS
- AREAS OF FOREST PRODUCT EXTRACTION
- DEFORESTATION FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
- Extent of Deforestation
- Rate of Deforestation
- Environmental Impacts of Deforestation
- MACROLIMITATIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
- Climate
- Biotic Pressure
- Soil-Related Limitations
- Sociocultural Limitations
- Political Limitations
- ENVIRONMENTAL BOTTLENECKS FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
- PRESENT KNOWLEDGE BASE FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
- Domestication of Nontimber Forest Extraction Products
- Natural Resources—Climate, Soil, and Vegetation
- Forest Exploration
- Annual Food and Fiber Crops
- Perennial Crops
- Pastures and Animal Production
- Aquaculture
- Agroindustrial Technology
- Basic Knowledge
- DIFFUSION AND UTILIZATION OF TECHNOLOGY
- AMAZONIAN AGRICULTURAL LAND USE SYSTEMS AND THEIR SUSTAINABILITIES
- Extraction of Nontimber Forest Products
- SUSTAINABILITY OF NONTIMBER RESOURCE EXTRACTION
- RESEARCH NEEDS
- Extraction of Timber Products
- SUSTAINABILITY OF TIMBER EXTRACTION
- RESEARCH NEEDS
- Shifting Agriculture in Upland Areas
- SUSTAINABILITY OF SHIFTING AGRICULTURE IN UPLAND AREAS
- RESEARCH NEEDS
- Várzea Floodplain Agriculture
- SUSTAINABILITY OF FLOODPLAIN AGRICULTURE
- RESEARCH NEEDS
- Cattle Raising on Pastures that Have Replaced Forests
- SUSTAINABILITY OF CATTLE RAISING
- RESEARCH NEEDS
- Cattle Raising on Native Grassland Ecosystems
- WELL-DRAINED SAVANNAH GRASSLANDS (WDSG)
- CATTLE RAISING ON ALLUVIAL FLOODPLAIN (VÁRZEA) GRASSLANDS (FPG)
- CATTLE RAISING ON POORLY DRAINED SAVANNAH GRASSLANDS (PDSG)
- Perennial Crop Agriculture
- SUSTAINABILITY OF PERENNIAL CROP AGRICULTURE
- RESEARCH NEEDS
- Agroforestry
- LAND USE INTENSITY, RESEARCH, AND TECHNOLOGY: THE KEY FOR SUSTAINABILITY
- A FUTURE SCENARIO
- EXPANSION POTENTIAL OF PRESENT LAND USE SYSTEMS
- REFERENCES
- Côte d'Ivoire
- POPULATION
- FOREST RESOURCES
- DOMESTIC ECONOMY
- AGRICULTURE
- Export Crops
- Food Crops
- Sources of Agricultural Growth
- CAUSES OF DEFORESTATION
- Principal Causes
- AGRICULTURE
- LOGGING
- FUELWOOD
- CATTLE GRAZING
- Underlying Causes of Deforestation
- SHIFTING CULTIVATION
- LAND TENURE REGIMES
- GOVERNMENT POLICIES
- EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
- Climate and Microclimate
- Biodiversity
- Agricultural Productivity
- Forest Damage and Timber Production Potential
- AGRICULTURAL INTERVENTIONS AND SUSTAINABILITY
- Technological Interventions
- ORGANIC MATTER
- MULCHES AND COVER CROPS
- INORGANIC FERTILIZERS
- AGROFORESTRY
- CONSERVATION TILLAGE
- Policy Interventions
- SECURE PROPERTY RIGHTS
- FISCAL POLICIES
- CREDIT, PRICE POLICIES, AND MARKETS
- SUMMARY
- Three Deforestation Scenarios
- TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS
- POLICY OPTIONS
- REFERENCES
- Indonesia
- DESCRIPTION OF THE COUNTRY AND ITS TROPICAL FORESTS
- Population
- Agriculture
- Forest Resources
- DESIGNATED FORESTLANDS
- PRODUCTION FORESTS
- Ecologic Characteristics and Issues
- BIOGEOGRAPHICAL DIVERSITY
- Economic Activity
- Economic Importance of Forestry
- TIMBER PRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF PRIMARY WOOD-BASED INDUSTRIES
- DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY WOOD-BASED INDUSTRIES
- Contribution of Forestry to the National Economy
- HISTORICAL ASPECTS AND CAUSES OF DEFORESTATION
- Rates of Deforestation
- Population Pressure and Demand for Agricultural Land
- Logging in Natural Forests
- Shifting Cultivation
- Transmigration Program
- Tree Crop Development
- Fires
- PROGRAMS FOR SUSTAINABLE LAND USE DEVELOPMENT
- Legislation and Policies on the Management of Forest Resources
- Designation of Permanent Forests
- Conservation of Forest Ecosystems
- Stricter Control on Logging Operations in Natural Forests
- Reforestation and Regreening
- Rationalization of Shifting Cultivation
- MINISTRY OF FORESTRY
- MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE
- MINISTRY OF TRANSMIGRATION
- MINISTRY OF SOCIAL AFFAIRS
- MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS
- Program Results
- Intensification of Wet Paddy Rice Agriculture
- DISCUSSION AND FINDINGS
- Forest Potential and Causes of Deforestation
- ASSESSMENT OF FOREST LOSS IN THE NEAR FUTURE
- REFERENCES
- Malaysia
- DESCRIPTION OF PENINSULAR MALAYSIA AND ITS FORESTS
- Topography, Climate, and Soils
- Population
- Domestic Economy
- Land Use
- Forests
- FOREST FORMATIONS
- BIODIVERSITY
- FOREST AREAS AND DEFORESTATION
- PERMANENT FOREST AREAS
- COMMERCIAL LOGGING
- TREE CROPS VERSUS NATURAL FORESTS
- Are Tree Crop Plantations a Sustainable Land Use?
- Are Tree Crop Plantations Economically Feasible?
- How Have Policies Affected Expansion of Tree Crop Plantations?
- What Are the Environmental Impacts of Conversion of Natural Forests to Tree Crop Plantations?
- SOIL CONSERVATION
- PROTECTION OF WATER SYSTEMS
- PRESERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY
- FUTURE PROSPECTS
- Recent Developments in the Tree Crop Sector
- Deforestation Projections
- SUMMARY
- Research Needs
- Replicating Peninsular Malaysia's Success
- REFERENCES
- Mexico
- THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONTEXT
- Past Population and Land Use in the Mexican Tropics
- Present Socioeconomic Trends in Mexico
- Land Use
- THE FOREST RESOURCES AND DEFORESTATION
- A Definition of Deforestation
- Current Estimates of Deforestation
- Causes of Deforestation
- CATTLE RANCHING
- COLONIZATION PROJECTS
- FOREST FIRES
- PROBLEMS OF TREE OWNERSHIP AND LAND TENURE
- NATIONAL SECURITY
- AGRICULTURE
- INTENSIVE COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE
- TIMBER EXPLOITATION
- ROAD BUILDING AND OTHER ENGINEERING WORKS
- Protected Areas
- SUSTAINABLE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
- A Definition of Sustainability
- Sustainable Resource Management Practices in the Mexican Humid Tropics
- Lessons from Traditional Resource Management
- THE LOWLAND MAYA
- THE LACANDON MAYA
- THE HUASTEC MAYA
- Lessons from Development and Conservation Programs
- PLAN PUEBLA
- TROPICAL CHINAMPAS
- SECONDARY FORESTS OF VERACRUZ
- Tropical Forest Action Plan (PAFT)
- Sustainable Food and Commodity Production
- Agroforestry for Mexico
- Sustainable Livestock Production
- Sustainable Management of Biodiversity
- PROTECTED AREAS AND BUFFER ZONES
- PRESERVING BIODIVERSITY IN MANAGED AREAS
- STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
- Policy
- Research
- Education
- Demonstration Projects
- Implementation of Sustainable Resource Management
- Plan for Success
- SUMMARY
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
- The Philippines
- THE STATE OF THE PHILIPPINE UPLAND ECOSYSTEM
- Physical Environment
- Land Use
- Population Growth
- Agriculture and the Uplands
- Upland Migration
- Intensification of Rice Production in the Lowlands
- Upland Farming Systems
- DEFORESTATION IN POSTWAR PHILIPPINES
- Forest Types
- Forest Cover Before 1950
- Forest Cover Changes, 1950–1987
- THE DEFORESTATION PROCESS IN THE PHILIPPINES
- Timber Concessions
- Factors Associated with Deforestation
- APPROACHES TO LAND USE SUSTAINABILITY IN THE UPLANDS
- Permanently Farmed Sloping Lands
- CONTOUR HEDGEROW SYSTEMS
- REDUCED-TILLAGE SYSTEMS
- NUTRIENT SUPPLY
- PHOSPHORUS AS A CRITICAL CONSTRAINT
- PERENNIAL CROPS
- FARM FORESTRY
- DIVERSIFICATION
- The Grasslands and Brushlands
- SECURITY OF LAND TENURE
- FALLOW IMPROVEMENT SYSTEMS
- REFORESTATION EFFORTS
- CONTRACT REFORESTATION
- THE ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF FIRE
- LOCAL ORGANIZATION FOR CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
- Saving and Rebuilding the Remaining Natural Forests
- THE ROLE AND RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES
- COMMUNITY-BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT
- SUSTAINED-YIELD FORESTRY
- LABOR-BASED TIMBER EXTRACTION
- FOREST ENRICHMENT
- FUTURE IMPERATIVES FOR SUSTAINABLE UPLAND FARMING AND FORESTRY
- Elements of a Strategy
- TENURE: PEOPLE AND EMPOWERMENT
- TECHNOLOGY: DEVELOPMENT AND DISSEMINATION
- DELIVERY: INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE, PROGRAMS, AND POLICY
- Deforestation Scenarios
- SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
- Zaire
- FOREST TYPES
- CLIMATE
- POPULATION
- THE MACROECONOMIC SETTING
- FOREST RESOURCE DISTRIBUTION AND THE STATE OF FOREST MANAGEMENT
- Distributions
- COMMERCIAL FOREST AREA
- NATIONAL PARKS AND RESERVES
- Forest Management
- FOREST-BASED INDUSTRY
- Industrial Roundwood Production
- Tax Policies and Investment Procedures
- Domestic Loggers
- DEFORESTATION AND ITS CAUSES
- Advancement of Agricultural Frontiers
- Fuelwood Demand and Harvesting
- Unregulated Commercial Logging
- Population Density and Forest Removal
- INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS AND POSSIBLE REFORMS
- SUGGESTIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT
- Research Agenda
- PHASE I: AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY AGENDA
- PHASE II: EXTENSION OF DATA AND SERVICES TO POTENTIAL USERS
- Human Resources Development
- Land Tenure Policies
- Strengthening the Forestry Department
- Funding
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
- Glossary
- Authors
- Index
- RECENT PUBLICATIONS OF THE BOARD ON AGRICULTURE
- POLICY AND RESOURCES
- NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS SERIES AND RELATED TITLES
- RECENT PUBLICATIONS OF THE BOARD ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
- ENERGY
- TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS
- PLANTS
- INNOVATIONS IN TROPICAL FORESTRY
- MANAGING TROPICAL ANIMAL RESOURCES
- RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
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