This book surveys the entire field of body composition as it relates to performance. It includes a clear definition of terminology and a discussion of the various methods for measuring body composition.
The authored papers represent a state-of-the-art review of this controversial field and address questions such as: What is a better measure of body composition—body fat or lean body mass? Does being overweight for one's height really affect performance?
The book also addresses the issue of physical appearance as it relates to body fatness and performance. It includes an in-depth discussion of many of the topics of interest to those involved in sports medicine and exercise physiology.
- Body Composition and Physical Performance
- Copyright
- PREFACE
- FOCUS OF THE REPORT
- HISTORY OF THE COMMITTEE
- COMMITTEE TASK AND PROCEDURES
- Acknowledgments
- Contents
- PART I OVERVIEW
- 1 Introduction and Background
- THE COMMITTEE'S TASK
- CURRENT PHYSICAL STANDARDS FOR ACCESSION AND RETENTION IN THE MILITARY
- Accession Standards
- Retention Standards
- PROCEDURES USED BY THE MILITARY SERVICES FOR FAILURE TO MEET PHYSICAL OR PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
- METHODS FOR ASSESSING BODY COMPOSITION
- Definition of Terms
- Anthropometric Measurements
- Densitometry
- Bioelectric Impedance Analysis
- Options Requiring Major Equipment Or Time
- FACTORS THAT MAY INFLUENCE BODY COMPOSITION
- Age
- Gender
- Race and Ethnic Group
- BODY WEIGHT, COMPOSITION, AND PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE
- Does Being Overweight Impair Military Performance?
- Running ability, sit-ups, and push-ups
- Load Carrying Ability and Lifting
- RELATIONSHIP OF LEAN BODY MASS VERSUS BODY FATNESS TO PERFORMANCE OF PHYSICAL TASKS
- RELATIONSHIP OF BODY COMPOSITION AND INJURY
- RELATIONSHIP OF BODY COMPOSITION TO HEALTH
- BODY COMPOSITION AND MILITARY APPEARANCE
- ASSESSING BODY COMPOSITION FOR INDIVIDUALS WHO FAIL TO MEET MILITARY STANDARDS
- COMMENTS ON BODY COMPOSITION STANDARDS
- References
- 2 Conclusions and Recommendations
- CONCLUSIONS
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- AREAS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
- PART II INVITED PAPERS
- 3 Body Composition And Military Performance: Origins Of The Army Standards
- INTRODUCTION
- THE CURRENT ARMY WEIGHT CONTROL PROGRAM: POLICY AND GOALS
- THE DEVELOPMENT OF MILITARY ACCESSION STANDARDS
- Physical Standards In Relation To The Demand For Soldiers
- Early Scientific Investigations Of Soldier Physique
- Standards Of Physique In The Civil War: Eye Of The Physician
- Published Standards For Physician Guidance
- WORLD WAR II HEIGHT-WEIGHT STANDARDS
- Development Of Current Accession Standards
- RETENTION STANDARDS IN THE MILITARY
- Potbellies And The Army Weight Control Program
- DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE DIRECTIVE 1308.1 AND THE U.S. ARMY BODY FAT STANDARDS
- Development Of Army Body Fat Equations
- References
- 4 Body Composition In The Military Services: Standards And Methods
- BACKGROUND
- BODY COMPOSITION STANDARDS
- Body Composition And Physical Performance
- Body Composition And Appearance
- Body Composition And Health
- BODY COMPOSITION MEASUREMENT
- Reliability And Trainability
- Equation Validity
- U.S. Army
- U.S. Navy
- U.S. Marine Corps
- U.S. Air Force
- Cross-Validation
- SUMMARY
- References
- 5 Effects of Experimental Alterations in Excess Weight On Physiological Responses To Exercise and Physical Per ...
- INTRODUCTION
- EXCESS WEIGHT, AEROBIC CAPACITY AND RUNNING PERFORMANCE
- RUNNING PERFORMANCE, METABOLIC RESPONSES AND GENDER DIFFERENCES
- PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE, BODY FAT AND WOMEN ATHLETES
- References
- 6 Army Data: Body Composition and Physical Capacity
- INTRODUCTION
- DESIGN AND METHODS
- RESULTS
- Body Composition and Performance Capacity Related To Age
- Performance Capacity in Relation To Body Composition
- Relationship To Fitness Standards
- DISCUSSION
- References
- 7 The Relationship Of Body Size And Composition To The Performance Of Physically Demanding Military Tasks
- INTRODUCTION
- Associations Among Body Fat, Load Carriage Ability, And Running Performance
- Association Of Lean Body Mass With Military Performance
- Discussion And Conclusions
- References
- 8 New Approaches To Body Composition Evaluation And Some Relationships To Dynamic Muscular Strength
- NEW APPROACHES TO BODY COMPOSITION EVALUATION
- Estimating Excess Body Fat From Changes In Abdominal Girth
- Calculation Of Excess Abdominal Girth
- The Ag Method During Body Mass Loss By Exercise Plus Diet
- The Ag Method During Body Mass Loss By Diet Only
- THE BODY PROFILE: AN ENHANCEMENT OF THE SOMATOGRAM
- Original Somatogram Calculations
- Ponderal Sornatogram Calculation
- SOME RELATIONSHIPS TO DYNAMIC MUSCULAR STRENGTH
- Experimental Procedures
- Anthropometric Assessment
- Calculations
- Results
- Anthropometry
- Correlations
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- References
- 9 Associations Among Body Composition, Physical Fitness, and Injury in Men and Women Army Trainees
- INTRODUCTION
- TWO ARMY STUDIES OF BODY COMPOSITION, FITNESS, AND INJURY
- Methods
- Subjects
- Prescreening Measures
- Medical Follow-Up
- Physical Training
- Analysis
- Results
- Correlation of Percent Bf and Body Mass Index
- Past Activity Level and Body Composition
- Body Composition and Physical Performance
- Prediction of Endurance Performance
- Injuries
- Body Composition And Injury
- Physical Fitness And Injury
- Physical Activity And Injury
- Gender, Physical Fitness And Risk Of Injury
- Discussion
- Correlation Between Body Composition And Physical Fitness
- Predicting Endurance
- Risks Of Injury
- Association Between Body Composition And Risk Of Injury
- Association Of Physical Fitness With Risk Of Injury
- Association Of Physical Activity And Risk Of Injury
- Gender, Physical Fitness, And Risk Of Injury
- Conclusion
- References
- 10 Body Composition, Morbidity, And Mortality
- INTRODUCTION
- METHODS OF MEASURING BODY COMPOSITION
- ACCURACY OF MEASUREMENTS
- USING A FOUR-COMPARTMENT MODEL FOR STUDIES OF BODY COMPOSITION
- ASSOCIATIONS AMONG BODY COMPOSITION, DISEASE AND DEATH
- Bone
- Fat-Free Mass
- Excess Adipose Tissue
- Measuring Body Fat
- Distribution Of Body Fat In Adults
- SUMMARY
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
- References
- 11 Critique of the Military's Approach To Body Composition Assessment and Evaluation
- APPROACHES
- DISCUSSION
- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- References
- 12 Body Composition and Performance in Relation To Environment
- DEFINITION OF OBESITY
- PERFORMANCE IN COMFORTABLE CLIMATES
- Physical Performance
- Resting Metabolism
- Endurance Activities
- Lifting and Carrying
- Underwater Activity
- Size Problems
- Poor Health
- OTHER IMPLICATIONS OF OBESITY
- HOT AND COLD ENVIRONMENTS
- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- References
- 13 Sex Differences and Ethnic/Racial Differences in Body Size and Body Composition
- SEX DIFFERENCES IN BODY SIZE AND BODY COMPOSITION
- ETHNIC AND RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN BODY MASS AND BODY COMPOSITION
- RELEVANT EPIDEMIOLOGIC ASPECTS OF FATNESS AND FITNESS
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- APPENDIX
- PART III COMMITTEE DISCUSSION PAPER
- 14 Body Composition Measurement: Accuracy, Validity, and Comparability
- BACKGROUND
- METHODS AND ASSUMPTIONS
- Measurement and Definitions in Body Composition
- Obesity Prevalence, Age Effects and Weight Fluctuations
- Population Based Data
- Individual-Based Data
- RESEARCH APPLICATIONS
- SUMMARY
- References
- APPENDIXES
- A Accession Standards for the Military Services
- U.S. Army
- Chapter 2 Physical Standards for Enlistment, Appointment, and Induction
- 2-1. General
- 2-2. Application and Responsibilities
- 2-21. Height
- 2-22. Weight
- 2-23. Body Build
- U.S. Navy
- (4) Navy Health and Physical Readiness Program
- B Retention Standards for the Military Services
- U.S. Army
- Section I Introduction
- 1. Purpose
- 2. References
- 3. Explanation of Abbreviations and Terms
- 4. Objectives
- Section II Responsibilities
- Section III Weight Control
- 20. Policy
- 21. Procedures
- 22. Reenlistment Criteria
- Ar 600-9 Update: Appendix B Standard Methods For Determining Body Fat Using Body Circumferences, Height And We ...
- B-1. Introduction
- B-2. Height and Weight Measurements
- B-3. Description of Circumference Sites, and Their Anatomical Landmarks and Technique
- B-4. Circumference Sites and Landmarks for Males
- B-5. Circumference Sites and Landmarks for Females
- B-6. Preparation of the Body Fat Content Worksheets
- B-7. Steps For Preparing the Male Body Fat Content Worksheet, DA Form 5000-R, Dec 85
- Step 1. Abdominal Measurement
- Step 2. Neck Measurement
- Step 3. Average Abdominal Measurement
- Step 4. Average Neck Measurement
- Step 5. Abdomen-Neck Difference
- Step 6. Abdomen-Neck Factor
- Step 7. Height Factor
- Step 8. Percent Body Fat
- B-8.
- Step 1.
- Step 2. Height Factor
- Step 3. Hip Measurement
- Step 4. Forearm Measurement
- Step 5. Neck Measurement
- Step 6. Wrist Measurement
- Step 7. Hip Factor
- Step 8. Forearm Factor
- Step 9. Neck Factor
- Step 10. Wrist Factor
- Calculations
- Line C. Addition Of Weight And Hip Factors
- Line H. Addition Of Height, Forearm, Neck, And Wrist Factors
- Line I. Percent Body Fat
- U.S. Navy
- Body Composition Determination Procedure
- U.S. Air Force
- Chapter 1
- Chapter 2 Air Force Weight Program
- Section A—The Weight Program
- 2-1. Introduction.
- 2-2. The Weight Program:
- 2-13. Individual Responsibilities.
- Section C— Weight Standards and Maximum Allowable Weight (Maw) Standard Adjustments
- 2-15. Weight Standards.
- 2-16. Maximum Allowable Weight (MAW) Standard Adjustments.
- 2-17. Appeal Procedures for MAW Adjustments.
- Section D— Weight Program Requirements
- 2-18. Weight Program Requirements.
- 2-19. Weight Checks, Height Measurements, and Scale Calibration:
- 2-20. Permanent Change of Station (PCS) or Permanent Change of Assignment (PCA) Procedures.
- 2-21.
- Section E— Weight Management Program (WMP) and Related Information
- 2-22. Weight Management Program (WMP).
- 2-23. Phase I (Initial Entry and Weight Loss Period).
- 2-24. Phase II (Observation Period).
- 2-25. Probation Period.
- 2-26. Participation in a 90-day Exercise Program.
- 2-27. Temporary Medical Deferral.
- 2-28. Administrative Actions.
- Procedures For Weight Checks and Height Measurement
- U.S. Marine Corps
- Headquarters United States Marine Corps
- Headquarters United States Marine Corps
- Marine Corps Order 6100.10a Ch 1
- Alternate Maximum Weight Limits For Male Marines
- Alternate Maximum Weight Limits For Female Marines
- C Weight-For-Height Tables
- D Proposed Revisions To Accession (Ar 40-501) And Retention (Ar 600-9) Body Weight And Body Fat Standards
- E Recent Changes To The U.S. Army Standards For Accession And Retention
- Contents Of An Unclassified Alaract Dated 5/7/91
- Extracts From The Immediate Action Interim Change Referred To On The Previous Page That Apply To Weight Standards
- Medical Services Standards Of Medical Fitness
- F Biographical Sketches
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