Close to one-half of all Americans live in coastal counties. The resulting flood of wastewater, stormwater, and pollutants discharged into coastal waters is a major concern. This book offers a well-delineated approach to integrated coastal management beginning with wastewater and stormwater control.
The committee presents an overview of current management practices and problems. The core of the volume is a detailed model for integrated coastal management, offering basic principles and methods, a direction for moving from general concerns to day-to-day activities, specific steps from goal setting through monitoring performance, and a base of scientific and technical information. Success stories from the Chesapeake and Santa Monica bays are included.
The volume discusses potential barriers to integrated coastal management and how they may be overcome and suggests steps for introducing this concept into current programs and legislation.
This practical volume will be important to anyone concerned about management of coastal waters: policymakers, resource and municipal managers, environmental professionals, concerned community groups, and researchers, as well as faculty and students in environmental studies.
- Managing Wastewater In Coastal Urban Areas
- Copyright
- Preface
- Contents
- Executive Summary
- THE CURRENT APPROACH TO WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT IN COASTAL AREAS
- Federal Legislation
- Progress and Emerging Concerns
- Constituents of Concern
- Intermediate Priority
- KEY ISSUES RELATING TO WASTEWATER AND STORMWATER MANAGEMENT
- Regional Differences
- Nutrients in Coastal Waters
- Source Control and Water Conservation
- Levels of Treatment
- Stormwater and Combined Sewer Overflows
- Detecting Human Pathogens
- Evaluation and Feedback
- INTEGRATED COASTAL MANAGEMENT
- The Process
- Benefits, Barriers, and Solutions
- Implementation
- Immediate Actions
- Longer-Term Actions
- Long-Term Implementation
- REFERENCES
- 1 Introduction
- STRESSES ON THE COASTAL ENVIRONMENT
- WASTEWATER AND STORMWATER MANAGEMENT
- Constituents and Impacts
- Anticipated National-Level Priorities for Constituents of Concern
- Treatment Technologies and Other Management Techniques
- The Role of Government
- The Role of the Public
- THE CURRENT APPROACH TO WASTEWATER AND COASTAL MANAGEMENT
- PROGRESS IN MANAGING WATER QUALITY
- Water Pollution Control Success Stories
- News York Harbor
- Delaware River
- CHALLENGES FOR THE FUTURE
- CASE HISTORIES
- REFERENCES
- 2 Key Issues Relating to Wastewater and Stormwater Management
- REGIONAL DIFFERENCES
- NUTRIENTS IN COASTAL WATERS
- SOURCE CONTROL AND WATER CONSERVATION
- LEVELS OF TREATMENT
- STORMWATER AND COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS
- DETECTING HUMAN PATHOGENS
- DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES
- EVALUATION AND FEEDBACK
- SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
- 3 Integrated Coastal Management
- DEVELOPING A SUSTAINABLE VISION
- PRINCIPLES AND METHODOLOGY FOR A SYSTEM OF INTEGRATED COASTAL MANAGEMENT
- Principles
- Process
- Set Goals
- Define Geographic Extent of Concerns
- Assess and Compare Risks
- Develop and Compare Alternatives for Risk Management
- Institutional Arrangements
- Development, Selection, and Implementation
- Monitoring
- Information Management
- Research
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
- 4 The Process
- DYNAMIC PLANNING
- Set Goals
- Identify Resources
- Review Existing Scientific Knowledge
- Assess Human Expectations
- Defining Issues and Setting Goals
- Define the Geographic Extent of Concerns
- Resources
- Sources
- Administrative Authorities
- Assess and Compare Risks
- Assessing Risk
- Compare Risks
- Santa Monica Bay: A Case Example
- The Bay's Ecosystem
- Major Uses of the Bay
- Identification of Issues of Concern
- Swimming and Water Contact Issues
- Seafood Contamination
- Wetlands
- Ecological Health: Wetlands versus Marine Habitats versus Fisheries
- Develop and Compare Alternatives for Risk Management
- The Need for Problem-Focused Management
- Lessons from Existing Situations
- Ambient Water-Quality Objectives
- The Environmental-Quality Driven Approach
- System Components
- Diffuse Sources—Modeling and Control
- Ocean Sludge Disposal
- Cross-Media Considerations
- Costs and Feasibility
- Expectations and Benefits in Relation to Costs
- Summary
- SELECTION, POLICY, AND INSTITUTIONS
- Institutional Arrangements
- Development, Selection, and Implementation
- Tools for Management
- Selection
- MONITORING, INFORMATION MANAGEMENT, AND RESEARCH
- Monitoring
- Information Management
- Research
- SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
- 5 Benefits, Barriers, Solutions, and Implementation
- INTRODUCTION
- Undercontrol and Overcontrol
- BENEFITS
- Clear Goals
- Improved Ability to Achieve Objectives
- Cost-Effective Solutions
- Improved Local Support and Commitment
- BARRIERS AND SOLUTIONS
- Definition of the Coastal Management Region
- Assignment of Authority
- Goals and Approaches
- Plan Implementation
- Monitoring Progress
- Fulfilling Commitments
- Contingencies
- IMPLEMENTATION
- Immediate Actions
- The National Estuary Program
- Public Involvement
- Science and Technical Information
- Institutional Arrangements
- The Longer Term
- Federal Legislation
- Alternative Modes of Regulation
- Pollution Prevention
- Social Science Dimensions
- WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT FOR THE NEXT CENTURY
- REFERENCE
- APPENDIXES
- A The Role of Nutrients in Coastal Waters
- ADVERSE CONSEQUENCES OF EUTROPHICATION AND NUISANCE ALGAE
- Anoxia and Hypoxia
- Dieback of Seagrasses, Algal Beds, and Corals
- Nuisance Algal Blooms
- CONTROLS ON EUTROPHICATION AND NUISANCE BLOOMS IN COASTAL WATERS
- Nutrient Limitation
- Nitrogen Versus Phosphorus Limitation
- Dose-response Relationship: Nitrogen and Eutrophication
- Causes of Nuisance Algal Blooms
- CONCLUSIONS
- REFERENCES
- B Microbial Pathogens in Coastal Waters
- MICROBIOLOGIC AGENTS ASSOCIATED WITH WASTEWATER
- Viruses
- Parasites
- Bacteria
- Animal and Wildlife Sources
- Toxins in Shellfish and Fish
- OCCURRENCE OF PATHOGENS IN COASTAL WATERS
- SURVIVAL OF ENTERIC MICROORGANISMS IN MARINE WATERS
- ILLNESSES FROM BATHING
- RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR MICROORGANISMS
- Dose-Response Assessment: Probability of Infection, Morbidity, and Mortality
- Exposure Assessment
- Application of a Virus Risk Model to Characterize Risks from Consuming Shellfish
- SUMMARY OF SHELLFISH AND RECREATIONAL MICROBIOLOGIC RISKS
- REFERENCES
- C Transport and Fate of Pollutants in the Coastal Marine Environment
- INTRODUCTION
- MECHANISMS OF INPUT
- Outfalls
- Discharges from Barges and Ships
- Diffuse Sources
- TRANSPORT AND FATE
- Far-Field Transport and Dispersion of Contaminants
- Dispersion
- Net Advective Processes
- Modeling and Measurements
- Conclusions
- Recommendations
- Behavior of Particles from Wastewater and Sludge: Flocculation and Sedimentation
- Particles in Marine Environments
- Particles and Particle-Reactive Pollutants in Wastewaters and Sludges
- Transport and Fate of Wastewater Particles
- The Sediment-Water Interface
- Discussion and Conclusions
- Chemical and Biological Conversions of Toxics in situ; Biological Availability/Bioaccumulation
- Transformation Processes
- Organics in Sediments
- Trace Elements and the Importance of Speciation
- Nutrient Cycling and Biostimulation
- Sediment Processes
- Sediment Deposition, Resuspension, and Transport
- Sediment Mixing, Contaminant Reactions, and Release to the Water Column
- The United States Experience
- Conclusions and Recommendations
- Sediment Quality
- Definition and Criteria
- Sediment Quality Modeling
- Ultimate Sinks for Pollutants: Distribution of Pollutants in Water and Sediments in the Ultra-Far-Field
- Dumpsite 106
- Understanding from Seattle Puget Sound
- Understanding from Southern California
- Conclusion
- Afterword
- Recommendation
- OVERALL DESIGN OF DISPOSAL SYSTEMS, CONTROL OF DIFFUSE SOURCES, AND USE OF MODELS
- Steps in the Design of a Disposal System (new systems and upgrading existing systems)
- The Water-Quality Driven Approach
- Transport and Fates Modeling: Predicting Ambient Water and Sediment Quality
- Choice of System Components: Alternative Systems
- Discussion
- The Quality-Driven Approach
- Toxicants
- Particles
- Nutrients
- Better Integration of Field with Laboratory and Computer
- SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
- D Engineering and Management Options for Controlling Coastal Environmental Water Quality
- INTRODUCTION
- SOURCE CONTROL
- Pollution Prevention
- Pretreatment
- Recycling and Reuse
- Pollution Prevention in Municipal Wastewater Management—Background and Definitions
- Energy Conservation and Energy Recovery
- Nonpoint Source Control
- Pollution Prevention Programs
- Implementation
- Examples of Pollution Prevention Programs
- Economic Advantages of Pollution Prevention
- Economic Advantages of Recycling and Reuse
- Pollution Prevention or Pretreatment?
- Environmental Benefits-Pretreatment
- Environmental Benefits—Pollution Prevention
- Cost-Benefit Ratios
- Conclusions
- MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT
- Introduction
- Advances in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Systems
- Optimization of Primary Stage(s) of Treatment
- Advances in Biological Treatment Processes
- Natural Wastewater Treatment Systems
- Water Reclamation and Reuse as an Alternative to Wastewater Discharge
- Water Conservation
- Advances that Offer Flexibility and/or Special Capabilities
- Institutional Barriers to Innovation
- Municipal Wastewater Treatment Systems
- Description of Ten Wastewater Treatment Systems
- Matrix of Performance and Cost Summary Tables
- Performance and Costs
- Qualitative Comparisons
- Toxic Organics and Metals
- Fats, Oil, and Grease
- Sludge
- Sludge Quantity
- Sludge Treatment Costs
- Land Disposal
- Composting
- Incineration
- Direct Land Application
- Energy Use in Municipal Wastewater Treatment
- DISINFECTION
- Disinfection Methods
- Chlorination
- Dechlorination
- Ozone Disinfection
- Ultraviolet Irradiation
- Electron Beam
- Efficacy of Disinfection Methods in Pathogen Inactivation
- COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW CONTROLS
- History and Problems
- CSO Technologies
- Source Controls
- Flow System Optimization
- Sewer Separation
- High-Rate Satellite Treatment
- Off-Line Storage
- Integrating CSO Control Techniques
- Summary of Comparative Performance of CSO Control Technologies
- NONPOINT SOURCE MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
- Introduction
- The Problem of Characterizing and Controlling Nonpoint Sources
- The Composition of Urban Runoff
- The Effect of Different Land Uses on Urban Pollutant Loading
- The Most Significant Contaminants in Urban Runoff
- Metals and Organics
- Pathogens
- Suspended Solids: Pollutant Transporters
- Management Options
- Introduction
- Types of Controls and Control Philosophy
- Source Reduction of Pollution in Urban Runoff
- Structural Controls
- Rating of Runoff Treatment Practices
- Costs for Stormwater Quality Controls
- REFERENCES
- E Policy Options and Tools for Controlling Coastal Environmental Water Quality
- THE INSTITUTIONAL SETTING
- Institutionalized Fragmentation
- Jurisdictional Complexity
- Toward Integration of Environmental Decision Making
- MANAGEMENT TOOLS
- Command-and-Control
- The Regulatory System
- Standards
- Specific Urban Issues
- New Issues
- Assessment
- Economic Instruments
- Types of Economic Incentives
- Critique
- Discussion
- Growth Management
- Comprehensive Land-Use and Growth Management Planning
- Comprehensive Planning for Bays, Sounds, and Estuaries
- Improved Water Resource Planning and Management
- Evaluating the Planning Tool
- Conclusion
- Education
- Education Strategies
- Examples of Education Strategies
- Challenges and Issues
- Evaluating Education as a Tool
- Conclusion
- FINANCING MECHANISMS
- Introduction
- Financing Alternatives
- General Tax Revenue
- Dedicated Taxes
- User Charges
- Intergovernmental Transfers
- Debt
- Economic Impacts
- Revenue Adequacy and Stability
- Cost Incidence
- Incentives for Efficient Management
- Willingness to Pay for Wastewater Services
- REFERENCES
- F Biographical Sketches
- COMMITTEE AND PANEL STAFF
- INTERNS
- G Contributors to the Committee's Effort
- Index
- Other Recent Reports of the Water Science and Technology Board
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