Alcohol and Public Policy

Beyond the Shadow of Prohibition

Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 9780309031493
eISBN Pdf: 9780309557481
Place of publication: United States
Year of digital publication: 1981
Month: January
Pages: 478
Language: English

Alcohol and Public Policy: Beyond the Shadow of Prohibition
Copyright
Preface
Contents
Report of the Panel
Introduction
1 Simplifying Conceptions of Alcohol Problems and Policies
- GOVERNING IDEAS
- MINORITY CONCEPTIONS
- CONCLUSION
2 The Nature of Alcohol Problems
- EFFECTS OF DRINKING
- UNDERLYING PATTERNS OF DRINKING PRACTICES
  - Definition of Drinking Practices
  - Consumption: Quantity and Frequency
    - Quantity Consumed
    - Frequency of Drunkenness
    - Historical and Cross-Cultural Comparisons
    - Aggregate Patterns of Drinking Contexts
  - Stability of Individual Drinking Practices
  - Causes of Drinking Practices
- THE PROBLEM OF ATTRIBUTING EFFECTS
- CONCLUSION: AVENUES FOR AFFECTING ALCOHOL PROBLEMS
3 Perspectives on Current Alcohol Policies
- CURRENT ALCOHOL POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONS
- THE PRIMA FACIE CASE FOR PREVENTION
- THE DEFINITION OF PREVENTION POLICIES
- OBJECTIONS TO PREVENTION POLICIES
- CATEGORIES OF PREVENTION POLICIES
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION.
4 Regulating the Supply of Alcoholic Beverages
- THE LESSONS OF PROHIBITION
- CURRENT INSTITUTIONS AND POLICIES
- THE SINGLE DISTRIBUTION THEORY
- TAXATION AND PRICES
- CONTROLLING OFF-PREMISE RETAIL SALES
- CONTROLLING ON-PREMISE SALES
- MINIMUM AGE RESTRICTIONS
- CONCLUSION
5 Shaping Drinking Practices Directly
- CONCEPTS OF SAFER AND MORE APPROPRIATE DRINKING
- DRINKING PRACTICES AND THE LAW
  - Drunken Driving and the Law
  - Public Drunkenness
- EDUCATION, INFORMATION, AND TRAINING PROGRAMS
  - School Education Programs
  - Mass Media Information Campaigns
  - Community-Based Health Information and Training
  - Conclusions About Education, Information, and Training Programs
- SETTING A GOOD EXAMPLE: A NOTE ON SYMBOLIC EFFECTS OF GOVERNMENT ACTIONS
- CONCLUSION
6 Reducing Environmental Risk
- DAMAGE IN THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
  - Physical Safety Measures
  - Social Safety Measures
- DAMAGE IN THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
  - Victimization
  - Public Drunkenness and the Urban Environment
  - Deemphasizing Hostility
- CONCLUSION
Summary
References
Commissioned Papers
- TEMPERANCE AND PROHIBITION IN AMERICA: A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
  - Introduction
  - The Colonial Period
  - The Decline of Authority
  - Mobilizing for the Crusade
  - “Narrow” Versus “Broad-Gauge”
  - Prohibition
  - Epilogue
  - References
- ALCOHOL USE AND CONSEQUENCES
  - Introduction
  - Alcohol Use: Intoxication, Drinking Patterns, and Total Consumption
    - Methods of Measurement
    - Uses of Per-Capita Consumption
    - Disaggregated Consumption Statistics
    - Drinking Patterns in Survey Data
    - Use and Consequences: The Problem of Attribution
      - Mortality
      - Economic Costs
      - Behavior
    - Socially Important Effects of Alcohol Use
      - Physiological Effects
      - Personality
      - Physical Environment
      - Interpersonal Effects
      - Institutional Effects
  - Conclusion
  - References
- THE PARADOX OF ALCOHOL POLICY: THE CASE OF THE 1969 ALCOHOL ACT IN FINLAND
  - Introduction
  - The Finnish Alcohol Policy Debate
    - The Finnish Drinking Style
    - The First Test for the Debate
  - The 1969 Alcohol Act: the Second Test
  - The Aftermath of Lifting Restrictions
  - More Recent Survey Reports
    - Medium Beer
    - Public Drunkenness
    - Comparisons of Sweden and Finland
  - Evaluating the Impact of the 1969 Alcohol Act
    - The Rise of the “Wet Generation”
  - Summary and Conclusions
  - Implications for the United States
  - References
- THE EFFECT OF LIQUOR TAXES ON DRINKING, CIRRHOSIS, AND AUTO ACCIDENTS
  - Introduction
  - Prices and Taxes
    - Alcohol Beverage Taxation
  - The Demand for Alcoholic Beverages
    - Notes on the Economic Theory of Consumption
    - The Econometric Approach to Estimating Price and Income Effects
    - Results from Econometric Studies
    - Quasi-Experimental Analysis of the Demand for Liquor
    - A Replication
  - The Effect of Tax Increases on Auto and Cirrhosis Fatalities
    - Introduction
    - Cirrhosis and Drinking
      - Cirrhosis Mortality Rates as an Indicator of Heavy Drinking
      - Previous Studies Relating Price to Cirrhosis Deaths
      - Conclusions
    - Results of a Quasi-Experimental Study
  - Evaluating Alcoholic Beverage Taxation
    - Incidence
    - Cost-Benefit Analysis
  - Conclusion
  - References
- REDUCING ALCOHOL ABUSE: A CRITICAL REVIEW OF EDUCATIONAL STRATEGIES
  - Introduction
  - Public Information Campaigns: The Classic Debate
    - Alcohol Abuse Campaigns
  - Theoretical Principles of Behavior Change
    - Models of Effects
    - The Stanford Heart Disease Prevention Program: An Integrated Model of Behavior Change
      - Description
      - Discussion
    - Attitude Composition
  - Interpersonal Strategies for Behavior Change
    - Social Learning Approach
    - Group Influence
  - Factors of Persuasive Communication
    - Source
    - Message
    - Channel Factors
    - Receiver Factors
    - Conclusion
  - Projects of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
    - Caspar Alcohol Education Program
    - Alcohol Education Curriculum Project
    - University of Massachusetts Demonstration Alcohol Education Project
    - Discussion
  - Steps for Constructing a Campaign
  - Conclusion
  - References
- REDUCING THE COSTS OF DRINKING AND DRIVING
  - Introduction
  - Costs and Their Implications for the Role of Government
    - The Need for Evaluation
    - Preventable Accidents
    - Magnitude of Preventable Costs
  - Exposure Reduction
    - Overview
    - General Deterrence
      - Risk of Punishment
      - Severity of Punishment
      - Public Information and Education
      - Conclusion
    - Reduction of Recidivism
      - Maximum Potential Savings
      - Effectiveness of Treatments
    - Third-Party Intervention
    - Minimum Drinking Age
    - Screening
    - Detection Devices in Vehicles
    - Alternative Transportation
    - Findings and Recommendations
      - General Deterrence
      - Reducing Recidivism (Specific Deterrence)
      - Third-Party Intervention
      - Drinking Age
      - Screening
      - Detection Devices in Vehicles
      - Alternative Transportation
  - Reducing Risk
    - Perverse Incentives
    - Generally Applied Risk Reduction
    - Specifically Applied Risk Reduction
    - Findings and Recommendations
  - Government Action Toward Drinking and Driving
    - Institutional Bias Against Learning
    - Recommendation
  - Appendix A: Review of Epidemiological Studies
    - Evanston
    - Grand Rapids
    - Huntsville
    - New York
    - Vermont
  - Appendix B: Adjusting Vermont Data to Reflect All Fatal Accidents
  - Appendix C: Relative Risk and Accident Reduction
    - Controlled Epidemiological Studies
    - Estimating Relative Risk
    - Predicting Accident Reduction
  - References
- THE ROLE OF NONALCOHOL AGENCIES IN FEDERAL REGULATION OF DRINKING BEHAVIOR AND CONSEQUENCES
  - Introduction
    - Federal Authority to Regulate the Alcohol Market
    - Scope of the Paper
  - Federal Land-Based Jurisdiction of Alcohol Distribution
    - Introduction
    - National Park Service
    - Bureau of Land Management
    - Army Corps of Engineers
    - National Forest Service
    - Bureau of Indian Affairs
    - Department of Defense
      - Restrictions on Availability
      - Deglamorization Program
      - Pricing Policies
    - Discussion
  - Federal Safety-Based Jurisdiction of Alcohol-Related Problems
    - Introduction
      - The History of Safety Regulation
      - Alcohol as a Factor in Safety Regulation
    - The Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC)
      - Authority
      - Organization and Procedures
      - Problems Besetting the Consumer Product Safety Commission
      - Recent Reforms
      - The Commission and Alcohol-Related Problems
      - Residential Fires
      - Discussion
  - Federal Transportation-Based Jurisdiction
    - Introduction
    - National Transportation Safety Board
      - Jurisdiction
      - Investigations of Alcohol Involvement
    - The Federal Aviation Administration
      - Jurisdiction
      - Alcohol Problems in Air Transportation
      - FAA Regulations and Response
    - Federal Railroad Administration
      - Jurisdiction
      - Industry Rules
      - Alcohol-Related Problems Within the Railroad Industry—The University Research Corporation Study
      - Environmental Factors Contributing to Alcohol-Related Problems
    - United States Coast Guard
    - Discussion
      - National Transportation Safety Board
      - Federal Aviation Administration
      - Federal Railroad Administration
  - Federal Economic-Based Jurisdiction
    - Introduction
    - Internal Revenue Service
    - Small Business Administration
  - Conclusion
  - References
  - Appendix
Biographical Sketches of Panel Members and Staff