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A Risk-Management Strategy for PCB-Contaminated Sediments

A Risk-Management Strategy for PCB-Contaminated Sediments

  • Publisher: National Academies Press
  • ISBN: 9780309073219
  • eISBN Pdf: 9780309588737
  • eISBN Epub: 9780309133012
  • Place of publication:  United States
  • Year of digital publication: 2001
  • Month: May
  • Pages: 451
  • Language: English

This book provides a risk-based framework for developing and implementing strategies to manage PCB-contaminated sediments at sites around the country. The framework has seven stages, beginning with problem definition, continuing through assessment of risks and management options, and ending with an evaluation of the success of the management strategy. At the center of the framework is continuous and active involvement of all affected parties—particularly communities—in the development, implementation, and evaluation of the management strategy. A Risk-Management Strategy for PCB-Contaminated Sediments emphasizes the need to consider all risks at a contaminated site, not just human health and ecological effects, but also the social, cultural, and economic impacts. Given the controversy that has arisen at many PCB-contaminated sites, this book provides a consistent, yet flexible, approach for dealing with the many issues associated with assessing and managing the risks at Superfund and other contaminated sites.

  • A Risk-Management STRATEGY for PCB-Contaminated Sediments
  • Copyright
  • Preface
  • Contents
  • Executive Summary
    • BACKGROUND
    • THE COMMITTEE'S TASK
    • THE COMMITTEE'S APPROACH
    • MAJOR CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
    • DISCUSSION
  • 1 Introduction
    • OVERVIEW OF PCBS IN SEDIMENTS
    • THE COMMITTEE'S TASK
    • THE COMMITTEE'S APPROACH
    • REPORT ORGANIZATION
    • REFERENCE
  • 2 PCBs in the Environment
    • DEFINING PCBS
      • History of PCBs
    • DISTRIBUTION AND DYNAMICS OF PCBS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
    • POTENTIAL EXPOSURE PATHWAYS
    • TOXICITY OF PCBS
      • Mode of Action
      • Potential Human Health Effects of PCBs
      • The Potential Ecological Impacts of PCBs
    • WEATHERING OF PCBS
    • CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
    • REFERENCES
  • 3 The Framework
    • RISK-MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK
    • RATIONALE FOR AND ADVANTAGES OF THE FRAMEWORK
    • OUTLINE OF THE RISK-MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK
    • CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
    • REFERENCES
  • 4 Community Involvement
    • SPECIFIC COMMUNITY CONCERNS
    • DEFINING THE COMMUNITY
      • “Stakeholders” Versus “Affected Parties”
      • The Need for Community Involvement
      • Benefits of Community Involvement
    • INVOLVING THE COMMUNITY
      • Build a Working Relationship with the Community
      • Establish Trust and Respect Between All Parties
      • Involve the Community As a Respected Partner
      • Empowerment
      • Communication
      • Commitment
      • Process Transparency
    • COMMUNITY OUTREACH AND EDUCATION
    • THE ROLE OF REGULATORY AGENCIES
    • MECHANISMS FOR INVOLVING THE COMMUNITY
    • CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
    • REFERENCES
  • 5 Defining the Problem and Setting Management Goals
    • DEFINING THE PROBLEM
      • Public-Health Problems
      • Ecological Problems
      • Social Impacts
      • Cultural Impacts
      • Economic Impacts
    • SITE ASSESSMENT
      • Sources of PCBs
      • Characterization of Present Contamination
      • Co-contaminants
    • SETTING RISK-MANAGEMENT GOALS
    • CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
    • REFERENCES
  • 6 Analyzing Risks
    • ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT
    • PROBLEM FORMULATION
    • ANALYSIS PHASE
      • PCB Exposure Assessment
        • Field Monitoring
          • Accumulation of PCBs in Sediments
          • Accumulation of PCBs in Benthic Organisms and Fish
        • PCB Exposure Models
          • Hydrodynamic Transport
          • Sediment Transport
          • Organic Carbon
          • PCB Transport and Fate
          • PCB Bioaccumulation
        • Summary of Exposure Modeling Results
      • PCB Effects Assessment
        • Congener-Specific Exposure and Effects
          • Toxicity Equivalent Values
          • Biota-Sediment-Accumulation-Factor Values
        • Effects of PCBs on Wildlife
          • Toxicity Results for Lower Trophic Organisms
          • Toxicity Results for Fish
          • Toxicity Results for Birds
          • Toxicity Results for Nonhuman Mammals
          • Summary of Effects in Wildlife
        • Human Health Effects from PCBs
          • Cancer
          • Limitations of Human Health Risk Assessments for PCBs
    • RISK CHARACTERIZATION
      • Ecological Risk from Chemical Exposure
      • Human Risk from Chemical Exposure
      • Uncertainty
      • Summary of Risk Characterization
    • ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND CULTURAL IMPACTS
    • COMPARATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT
    • CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
    • REFERENCES
  • 7 Assessing Management Options
    • IDENTIFYING OPTIONS
    • EVALUATING MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
      • Component Technologies of Sediment Management Options
      • Socioeconomic Options
        • Institutional Controls
        • Offsets
      • Source Control
      • Natural Attenuation
        • Natural Attenuation by Biodegradation
        • Natural Attenuation by Sedimentation
      • In Situ Treatment Options
      • Removal Technologies
      • Sediment Removal Via Dredging
        • Hydraulic and Mechanical Dredging
        • Controls on Sediment Resuspension Losses
        • Dry Excavation
        • Summary of Removal Technologies
      • Pretreatment Technologies
      • Treatment and Disposal Technologies
    • CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
    • REFERENCES
  • 8 Making Decisions
    • REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS
      • Regulatory Overlap
      • Regulatory Constraints
    • COMPARATIVE DECISION-MAKING
      • The RI/FS Process at EPA
      • Cost-Benefit and Cost-Effectiveness
      • Risk Ranking
      • Risk Tradeoffs
      • Decision Analysis
    • FRAMEWORK CONSIDERATIONS
    • FACILITATING THE PROCESS
    • CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
    • REFERENCES
  • 9 Implementing the Strategy
    • PROJECT PLAN
    • SOURCE CONTROL
    • CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
    • REFERENCES
  • 10 Evaluating Results
    • FRAMEWORK GUIDANCE
    • REVIEWS OF EVALUATIONS OF REMEDIAL ACTIONS
    • ASSESSMENT MONITORING
      • General Motors, Massena, New York
        • Turbidity Monitoring Results
        • Water-Column Monitoring Results
        • Temporary Water-Treatment Sampling
        • Drinking-Water-Intake Sampling
        • Air Monitoring
          • Monitoring After Sediment-Removal Operations
      • New Bedford Harbor, Massachusetts
      • Manistique River and Harbor, Michigan
    • CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
    • REFERENCES
  • Appendixes
  • Appendix A Biographical Information on the Committee on Remediation of PCB-Contaminated Sediments
  • Appendix B Participants at Public Sessions
  • Appendix C Public Access Materials
  • Appendix D Case Studies
    • ST. PAUL WATERWAY PROBLEM AREA TACOMA, WASHINGTON
      • Background
      • Strategy Chosen
      • Overall Assessment
      • Lessons Learned
    • ASARCO TACOMA SMELTER
      • Lessons Learned
    • KODAK COMPANY FACILITY
      • Initial Actions Taken
      • 12 Years Later
      • The Bottom Line
    • THE PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND REGIONAL CITIZENS' ADVISORY COUNCIL (RCAC)
    • REFERENCES
  • Appendix E PCB Biodegradation
    • Aerobic Biotransformation
      • Anaerobic Biotransformation
      • Factors Affecting Transformation Rates
      • Combined Anaerobic and Aerobic Biodegradation
    • REFERENCES
  • Appendix F Methods of Analysis of PCBs in Sediments, Water, and Biota
    • METHODS OF QUANTIFICATION
      • Gas-Chromatography-Based Methods
      • Aroclor Method of PCB Quantification
        • Detection Limits and Method Performance
        • Cost
        • Implications of Aroclor Analysis in Risk Assessment
        • Accepted Methods for Aroclor-Based Analysis
      • Congener-Specific Analysis of PCBs
        • Detection Limits and Method Performance:
        • Data Summing
        • Costs
        • Implications of Congener-Specific Analysis in Risk Assessments:
        • Accepted Methods for Congener-Based Analysis
    • BIOLOGICALLY BASED METHODS
      • Immunoassay Methods
      • Cell Bioassays—H4IIE Cells
      • Sample Extraction Methods
      • Cleanup Procedures
    • REFERENCES
  • Appendix G Toxicity of PCBs
    • TOXIC EFFECTS OF PCBS
      • AhR-Mediated Effects
      • Non-AhR-Mediated Effects
    • TOXIC EQUIVALENCY FACTORS
      • Mammalian TEFs
      • Teleost TEFs
      • Avian TEFs
      • Application of the TEF Approach
      • Limitations of TEF Approach
        • Interactive Effects of PCBs
        • Specificity of TEFs
        • Presence of Non-AhR-Mediated Effects
        • Toxicokinetics
        • Dose-Response Relationships
        • Extrapolation of Dose Ranges and Routes of Exposure
    • TOXICITY REFERENCE VALUES
      • Fish Effect-Based Data
        • Avian Effect-Based Data
        • Aquatic Mammal Effect-Based Data
        • Uncertainties
    • CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
      • Recommendations for Selection of Toxicity Reference Values
        • Benthic Invertebrate and Other Lower Trophic Level Biota
        • Fish
        • Birds
        • Aquatic Mammals
    • REFERENCES
  • Appendix H Nomenclature of PCBs

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