When modern primary schools were first founded in Japan and Egypt in the 1870s, they did not teach art. Yet by the middle of the twentieth century, art education was a permanent part of Japanese and Egyptian primary schooling. Both countries taught music and drawing, and wartime Japan also taught calligraphy. Why did art education become a core feature of schooling in societies as distant as Japan and Egypt, and how is aesthetics entangled with nationalism, colonialism, and empire?
Beauty in the Age of Empire is a global history of aesthetic education focused on how Western practices were adopted, transformed, and repurposed in Egypt and Japan. Raja Adal uncovers the emergence of aesthetic education in modern schools and its role in making a broad spectrum of ideologies from fascism to humanism attractive. With aesthetics, educators sought to enchant children with sounds and sights, using their ears and eyes to make ideologies into objects of desire. Spanning multiple languages and continents, and engaging with the histories of nationalism, art, education, and transnational exchanges, Beauty in the Age of Empire offers a strikingly original account of the rise of aesthetics in modern schools and the modern world. It shows that, while aesthetics is important to all societies, it was all the more important for those countries on the receiving end of Western expansion, which could not claim to be wealthier or more powerful than Western empires, only more beautiful.
- Cover
- Front Matter
- Summary
- 1 Introduction and Background
- 2 The WIC Participant Experience
- 3 Approach to the Task
- 4 Nutrient Intakes of WIC-Eligible Populations
- 5 Food Intake of WIC-Eligible Populations
- 6 Nutrition-Related Health Risks in the WIC Population
- 7 Promotion, Motivation, and Support of Breastfeeding with the WIC Food Packages
- 8 Meeting Diverse Dietary Needs and Preferences: Considerations for the WIC Food Packages
- 9 Background and Approach to Considering Food Package Options
- 10 Food Expenditure Analysis
- 11 Findings and Conclusions
- Appendix A: Acronyms and Abbreviations
- Appendix B: Glossary
- Appendix C: Comparison of Institute of Medicine 2006 Recommendations and Regulatory Implementation
- Appendix D: Composition of the WIC Food Packages
- Appendix E: The U.S. Department of Agriculture's Food and Nutrition Service Funded Studies Describing the Effect of the 2009 WIC Food Package Changes
- Appendix F: Changes in the WIC Food Packages and Program Participation: Methods
- Appendix G: Literature Findings on Barriers and Incentives to WIC Participation and Redemption
- Appendix H: Workshop Agendas
- Appendix I: Evidence Review Strategy
- Appendix J: Dietary Reference Intake Values and Nutrients and Foods Analyzed
- Appendix K: Diet Quality Indexes
- Appendix L: Household Food Expenditure Analysis
- Appendix M: Regulatory Impact Analysis Approach
- Appendix N: Committee Perceptions of the WIC Experience
- Appendix O: Summary Results from the Diet Quality of American Young Children by WIC Participation Status
- Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations
- Appendix Q: Food Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations
- Appendix R: Summary of National Dataset Characteristics Applied in the Evaluation of Health Risks
- Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings
- Appendix T: Chronology of Statutes Pertaining to the Definition of WIC Supplemental Foods
- Appendix U: Committee Biosketches
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