Red Book 2018

Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases

Author: Kimberlin, David W.; Long, Sarah S.; Brady, Michael T.; Jackson, Mary Anne
Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics
ISBN: 9781610021463
eISBN Pdf: 9781610021470
eISBN Epub: 9781610022316
Place of publication: Illinois , United States
Year of publication: 2018
Year of digital publication: 2018
Month: May
Pages: 1213
Language: English

Caption

Extending an 8-decade tradition of excellence, Red Book® provides the most reliable and clinically useful information on the manifestations, etiology, epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of more than 200 childhood infectious diseases.

The 31st edition provides evidence-based guidance to practicing clinicians on pediatric infections and vaccinations based on the recommendations of the committee as well as the combined expertise of the CDC, the FDA, and hundreds physician contributors.

New in Red Book 2018:

All chapters were assessed for relevance given the dynamic environment in pediatric medicine today and every chapter has been modified since the last edition

3 new chapters added (Chikungunya, Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcal Infections, and Zika).
Standardized approaches to disease prevention through immunizations, antimicrobial prophylaxis, and infection-control practices have been updated throughout
Recommendations for the use of doxycycline have been liberalized.
References to evidence-based policy recommendations have been recommended
Appropriate chapters have been updated to be consistent with 2018 AAP and CDC vaccine recommendations, CDC recommendations for immunization of health care personnel, and drug recommendations from 2018 Nelson's Pediatric Antimicrobial Therapy.

Red Book® is an indispensable reference for pediatricians and pediatric infectious disease specialists and is useful for family medicine and emergency medicine physicians as well. Public health and school health professionals, medical residents, and students also will find it a high-yield source of pediatric infectious disease and vaccine information.

Preface
Introduction
Table of Contents
Summary of Major Changes in the 2018 Red Book
Section 1: Active and Passive Immunization
- Prologue
- Sources of Information About Immunization
- Discussing Vaccines With Patients and Parents
  - Addressing Parents’ Questions About Vaccine Safety and Effectiveness
  - Common Misconceptions About Immunizations and the Institute of Medicine Findings
  - Resources for Optimizing Communications With Parents About Vaccines
  - Parental Refusal of Immunizations
- Active Immunization
  - Vaccine Ingredients
  - Vaccine Handling and Storage
  - Vaccine Administration
  - Managing Injection Pain
  - Timing of Vaccines and the Immunization Schedule
  - Minimum Ages and Minimum Intervals Between Vaccine Doses
  - Interchangeability of Vaccine Products
  - Simultaneous Administration of Multiple Vaccines
  - Combination Vaccines
  - Lapsed Immunizations
  - Unknown or Uncertain Immunization Status
  - Vaccine Dose
  - Active Immunization of People Who Recently Received Immune Globulin and Other Blood Products
  - Vaccine Safety
    - Risks and Adverse Events
    - Institute of Medicine Reviews of Adverse Events After Immunization
    - Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System
    - Vaccine Safety Datalink Project
    - Post-Licensure Rapid Immunization Safety Monitoring (PRISM)
    - Clinical Immunization Safety Assessment (CISA) Project
    - Vaccine Injury Compensation
    - Hypersensitivity Reactions After Immunization
    - Immediate-Type Allergic Reactions
    - Delayed-Type Allergic Reactions
    - Other Vaccine Reactions
- Passive Immunization
  - Immune Globulin Intramuscular (IGIM)
  - Immune Globulin Intravenous (IGIV)
  - Immune Globulin Subcutaneous (IGSC)
  - Treatment of Anaphylactic Reactions
- Immunization in Special Clinical Circumstances
  - Immunization in Preterm and Low Birth Weight Infants
  - Immunization in Pregnancy
  - Immunization and Other Considerations in Immunocompromised Children
  - Immunization in Children With a Personal or Family History of Seizures
  - Immunization in Children With Chronic Diseases
  - Immunization in American Indian/Alaska Native Children and Adolescents
  - Immunization in Adolescent and College Populations
  - Immunization in Health Care Personnel
  - Children Who Received Immunizations Outside the United States or Whose Immunization Status is Unknown or Uncertain
  - International Travel
Section 2: Recommendations for Care of Children in Special Circumstances
- Human Milk
  - Immunization of Mothers and Infants
  - Transmission of Infectious Agents via Human Milk
  - Antimicrobial Agents and Other Drugs in Human Milk
  - Biologic Response Modifiers in Human Milk
- Children in Out-of-Home Child Care
  - Modes of Spread of Infectious Diseases
  - Management and Prevention of Infectious Diseases
- School Health
  - Diseases Preventable by Routine Childhood Immunization
  - Infections Spread by the Respiratory Route
  - Infections Spread by Direct Contact
  - Infections Spread by the Fecal-Oral Route
  - Infections Spread by Blood and Body Fluids
- Infection Control and Prevention for Hospitalized Children
  - Isolation Precautions
  - Strategies to Prevent Health Care-Associated Infections
  - Occupational Health
  - Sibling Visitation
  - Adult Visitation
  - Pet Visitation
- Infection Control and Prevention in Ambulatory Settings
- Sexually Transmitted Infections in Adolescents and Children
  - STIs in Adolescents
  - STIs in Children
- Medical Evaluation for Infectious Diseases for Internationally Adopted, Refugee, and Immigrant Children
  - Consideration for Testing for Infectious Agents
  - Hepatitis A
  - Hepatitis B
  - Hepatitis C
  - Intestinal Pathogens
  - Tissue Parasites/Eosinophilia
  - Syphilis
  - Tuberculosis
  - HIV Infection
  - Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis)
  - Other Infectious Diseases
- Injuries From Discarded Needles in the Community
  - Wound Care and Tetanus Prophylaxis
  - Bloodborne Pathogens
  - Preventing Needlestick Injuries
- Bite Wounds
- Prevention of Mosquitoborne and Tickborne Infections
  - General Protective Measures
  - Repellents for Use on Skin
  - Tick Inspection and Removal
  - Other Preventive Measures
- Prevention of Illnesses Associated With Recreational Water Use
Section 3: Summaries of Infectious Diseases
- Actinomycosis
- Adenovirus Infections
- Amebiasis
- Amebic Meningoencephalitis and Keratitis
- Anthrax
- Arboviruses
- Arcanobacterium haemolyticum Infections
- Ascaris lumbricoides Infections
- Aspergillosis
- Astrovirus Infections
- Babesiosis
- Bacillus cereus Infections and Intoxications
- Bacterial Vaginosis
- Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Other Anaerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli Infections
- Balantidium coli Infections
- Bartonella henselae (Cat-Scratch Disease)
- Baylisascaris Infections
- Infections With Blastocystis hominis and Other Subtypes
- Blastomycosis
- Bocavirus
- Borrelia Infections Other Than Lyme Disease (Relapsing Fever)
- Brucellosis
- Burkholderia Infections
- Campylobacter Infections
- Candidiasis
- Chancroid and Cutaneous Ulcers
- Chikungunya
- Chlamydial Infections
  - Chlamydia pneumoniae
  - Chlamydia psittaci (Psittacosis, Ornithosis, Parrot Fever)
  - Chlamydia trachomatis
- Clostridial Infections
  - Botulism and Infant Botulism
  - Clostridial Myonecrosis
  - Clostridium difficile
  - Clostridium perfringens Food Poisoning
- Coccidioidomycosis
- Coronaviruses, Including SARS and MERS
- Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii Infections (Cryptococcosis)
- Cryptosporidiosis
- Cutaneous Larva Migrans
- Cyclosporiasis
- Cystoisosporiasis (formerly Isosporiasis)
- Cytomegalovirus Infection
- Dengue
- Diphtheria
- Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, and Related Infections (Human Ehrlichiosis, Anaplasmosis, and Related Infections Attributable to Bacteria in the Family Anaplasmataceae)
- Serious Bacterial Infections Caused by Enterobacteriaceae (With Emphasis on Septicemia and Meningitis in Neonates)
- Enterovirus (Nonpoliovirus) (Group A and B Coxsackieviruses, Echoviruses, Numbered Enteroviruses)
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections(Infectious Mononucleosis)
- Escherichia coli Diarrhea (Including Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome)
- Other Fungal Diseases
- Fusobacterium Infections (Including Lemierre Disease)
- Giardia intestinalis (formerly Giardia lamblia and Giardia duodenalis) Infections (Giardiasis)
- Gonococcal Infections
- Granuloma Inguinale (Donovanosis)
- Haemophilus influenzae Infections
- Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
- Helicobacter pylori Infections
- Hemorrhagic Fevers Caused by Arenaviruses
- Hemorrhagic Fevers Caused by Bunyaviruses
- Hemorrhagic Fevers Caused by Filoviruses: Ebola and Marburg
- Hepatitis A
- Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis C
- Hepatitis D
- Hepatitis E
- Herpes Simplex
- Histoplasmosis
- Hookworm Infections (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus)
- Human Herpesvirus 6 (Including Roseola) and 7
- Human Herpesvirus 8
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
- Influenza
- Kawasaki Disease
- Kingella kingae Infections
- Legionella pneumophila Infections
- Leishmaniasis
- Leprosy
- Leptospirosis
- Listeria monocytogenes Infections
- Lyme Disease (Lyme Borreliosis, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato Infection)
- Lymphatic Filariasis
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis
- Malaria
- Measles
- Meningococcal Infections
- Human Metapneumovirus
- Microsporidia Infections (Microsporidiosis)
- Molluscum Contagiosum
- Moraxella catarrhalis Infections
- Mumps
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Other Mycoplasma Species Infections
- Nocardiosis
- Norovirus and Sapovirus Infections
- Onchocerciasis (River Blindness, Filariasis)
- Human Papillomaviruses
- Paracoccidioidomycosis (Formerly Known as South American Blastomycosis)
- Paragonimiasis
- Parainfluenza Viral Infections
- Parasitic Diseases
- Human Parechovirus Infections
- Parvovirus B19 (Erythema Infectiosum, Fifth Disease)
- Pasteurella Infections
- Pediculosis Capitis (Head Lice)
- Pediculosis Corporis (Body Lice)
- Pediculosis Pubis (Pubic Lice, Crab Lice)
- Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
- Pertussis (Whooping Cough)
- Pinworm Infection (Enterobius vermicularis)
- Pityriasis Versicolor (Formerly Tinea Versicolor)
- Plague
- Pneumococcal Infections
- Pneumocystis jirovecii Infections
- Poliovirus Infections
- Polyomaviruses (BK, JC, and Other Polyomaviruses)
- Prion Diseases: Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies
- Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii Infection)
- Rabies
- Rat-Bite Fever
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus
- Rhinovirus Infections
- Rickettsial Diseases
- Rickettsialpox
- Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
- Rotavirus Infections
- Rubella
- Salmonella Infections
- Scabies
- Schistosomiasis
- Shigella Infections
- Smallpox (Variola)
- Sporotrichosis
- Staphylococcal Food Poisoning
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcal Infections
- Group A Streptococcal Infections
- Group B Streptococcal Infections
- Non-Group A or B Streptococcal and Enterococcal Infections
- Strongyloidiasis
- Syphilis
- Tapeworm Diseases (Taeniasis and Cysticercosis)
- Other Tapeworm Infections (Including Hydatid Disease)
- Tetanus (Lockjaw)
- Tinea Capitis(Ringworm of the Scalp)
- Tinea Corporis (Ringworm of the Body)
- Tinea Cruris (Jock Itch)
- Tinea Pedis and Tinea Unguium (Onychomycosis)(Athlete’s Foot, Ringworm of the Feet)
- Toxocariasis (Visceral Toxocariasis [a Form of Visceral Larva Migrans]; Ocular Toxocariasis [a Form of Ocular Larva Migrans])
- Toxoplasma gondii Infections (Toxoplasmosis)
- Trichinellosis (Trichinella spiralis and Other Species)
- Trichomonas vaginalis Infections (Trichomoniasis)
- Trichuriasis (Whipworm Infection)
- African Trypanosomiasis (African Sleeping Sickness)
- American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease)
- Tuberculosis
- Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (Environmental Mycobacteria, Mycobacteria Other Than Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
- Tularemia
- Endemic Typhus (Murine Typhus)
- Epidemic Typhus (Louseborne or Sylvatic Typhus)
- Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum Infections
- Varicella-Zoster Virus Infections
- Vibrio Infections
  - Cholera (Vibrio cholerae)
  - Other Vibrio Infections
- West Nile Virus
- Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Infections (Enteritis and Other Illnesses)
- Zika
Section 4: Antimicrobial Agents and Related Therapy
- Introduction
  - Fluoroquinolones
  - Tetracyclines
  - Other Agents
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Stewardship: Appropriate and Judicious Use of Antimicrobial Agents
  - Antimicrobial Resistance
  - Factors Contributing to Resistance
  - Antimicrobial Resistance Threats
  - Actions to Prevent or Slow Antimicrobial Resistance
  - Antimicrobial Stewardship
  - Role of the Medical Provider
  - Principles of Appropriate Use of Antimicrobial Therapy for Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
- Drug Interactions
- Tables of Antibacterial Drug Dosages
- Sexually Transmitted Infections
- Antifungal Drugs for Systemic Fungal Infections
  - Polyenes
  - Pyrimidines
  - Azoles
  - Echinocandins
- Recommended Doses of Parenteral and Oral Antifungal Drugs
- Topical Drugs for Superficial Fungal Infections
- Non-HIV Antiviral Drugs
- Drugs for Parasitic Infections
- MedWatch—The FDA Safety Information and Adverse Event-Reporting Program
Section 5: Antimicrobial Prophylaxis
- Antimicrobial Prophylaxis
  - Infection-Prone Body Sites
  - Exposure to Specific Pathogens
  - Vulnerable Hosts
- Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in Pediatric Surgical Patients
  - Guidelines for Appropriate Use
  - Indications for Prophylaxis
  - Surgical Site Infection Criteria
  - Timing of Administration of Prophylactic Antimicrobial Agents
  - Dosing and Duration of Administration of Antimicrobial Agents
  - Preoperative Screening and Decolonization
  - Recommended Antimicrobial Agents
- Prevention of Bacterial Endocarditis
- Prevention of Neonatal Ophthalmia
  - Gonococcal Ophthalmia
  - Chlamydial Ophthalmia
  - Pseudomonal Ophthalmia
  - Other Nongonococcal, Nonchlamydial Ophthalmia
  - Administration of Neonatal Ophthalmic Prophylaxis
Appendices
- I. Directory of Resources
- II. Codes for Commonly Administered Pediatric Vaccines/Toxoidsand Immune Globulins
- III. Vaccine Injury Table
- IV. Nationally Notifiable Infectious Diseases in the United States
- V. Guide to Contraindications and Precautions to Immunizations, 2018
- VI. Prevention of Infectious Disease From Contaminated Food Products
- VII. Clinical Syndromes Associated With Foodborne Diseases
- VIII. Diseases Transmitted by Animals (Zoonoses)

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Red Book 2018

Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases

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