Economic sanctions continue to play an important role in the response to terrorism, nuclear proliferation, military conflicts, and other foreign policy crises. But poor design and implementation of sanctions policies often mean that they fall short of their desired effects. This landmark study, first published in 1985, delves into the rich experience of sanctions in the 20th century to harvest lessons on how to use sanctions more effectively.
This volume is the updated third edition of this widely cited study. It chronicles and examines 170 cases of economic sanctions imposed since World War I. Fifty of these cases were launched in the 1990s and are new to this edition. Special attention is paid to new developments arising from the end of the Cold War and increasing globalization of the world economy. Analyzing a range of economic and political factors that can influence the success of a sanctions episode, the authors distill a set of commandments to guide policymakers in the effective use of sanctions.
- Cover
- Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Chapter 1 Introduction
- A Case Study Approach
- Sender Countries and Their Motives
- Limitations on the Use of Sanctions
- Historical Overview
- Plan of the Book
- Appendix 1A
- Chapter 2 Analyzing the Utility of Sanctions
- Anatomy of a Sanctions Episode
- Framework for Analysis
- Foreign Policy Goals
- Overview of the Variables Affecting the Costs of Defiance and Compliance
- Chapter 3 Political Variables
- Modest Changes in Policy
- Regime Change
- Disrupting Military Adventures
- Impairing Military Potential
- Other Major Policy Changes
- Politics, the Cold War, and Sanctions Targets
- Appendix 3A
- Chapter 4 Economic Variables
- Size of Sender and Target Countries
- Trade Linkages
- Types of Sanctions
- Economic Health and Political Stability of Target Countries
- Cost of Sanctions to Targets
- Costs of Sanctions to Senders
- Appendix 4A
- Chapter 5 Sanctions after the Cold War
- Evolution of US Sanctions Policy
- New Targets and Goals for Sanctions
- The United Nations and Postwar Sanctions Policy
- Congressional Intervention in Sanctions Policy
- State and Local Government Sanctions
- The Incredible Lightness of "Smart Sanctions"
- New Challenges for Sanctions Policy
- Appendix 5A
- Chapter 6 Conclusions and Policy Recommendations
- Are Sanctions Effective?
- Policy Recommendations: Using Sanctions More Effectively
- Conclusion: Look Before You Leap
- Appendix A Econometric Analysis of Economic Sanctions
- Appendix B Impact of US Economic Sanctions on Trade
- Appendix C Methodology Used to Estimate the Costs of Sanctions to the Target Country
- Bibliography
- About the Authors
- Index
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