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NAFTA Revisited

NAFTA Revisited

Achievements and Challenges

  • Author: Hufbauer, Gary Clyde; Schott, Jeffrey; Grieco, Paul L. E.; Wong, Yee
  • Publisher: Peterson Institute for International Economics
  • ISBN: 9780881324471
  • eISBN Pdf: 9780881324471
  • Place of publication:  United States
  • Year of digital publication: 2005
  • Month: October
  • Language: English
NAFTA entered into force in 1994 after a bitter Congressional debate. But NAFTA in operation has proved no less controversial than NAFTA before ratification, for both supporters and opponents of trade liberalization have cited experience with the agreement to justify their positions. To provide a factual basis for this ongoing debate, the authors evaluate NAFTA's performance over the first seven years, comparing actual experience with both the objectives of the agreement's supporters and the charges of its critics. They then examine future challenges and opportunities in the trade and investment relationships among the three partner countries and the broader implications for new trade initiatives throughout the hemisphere.
  • Cover
  • Contents
  • Preface
  • Acknowledgments
  • Chapter 1 Overview
    • NAFTA in Historical Context
    • Assessing NAFTA
    • The Bottom Line
    • References
    • Appendix 1A NAFTA and Trade Generation: Review of the Literature
    • Appendix 1B Trends in Mexican Imports since 2000
  • Chapter 2 Labor
    • Facts about Fears
      • United States
        • Table 2.1
        • Box 2.1
        • Stagnant Real Wages and Rising Inequality
        • Table 2.2
        • Table 2.3
        • Table 2.4
        • Deterioration of Labor Conditions
        • Deunionization
      • Canada
        • Erosion of Social Safety Nets
        • Table 2.5
        • Table 2.6
        • Brain Drain
        • Table 2.7
      • Mexico
        • Table 2.8
        • Table 2.9
        • Income Inequality and Labor Conditions
        • Table 2.10
        • The Maquiladora Sector
        • Figure 2.1
        • Figure 2.2
        • Small Firms and the State Sector
        • Figure 2.3
        • Independent Unions in Mexico
        • Table 2.11
        • Internal Migration
        • Table 2.12
        • Table 2.13
        • Table 2.14
        • International Migration
        • Table 2.15
        • Table 2.16
        • Table 2.17
    • NAFTA's Labor Provisions
      • A Sketch of North American Labor Law
      • Table 2.18
      • Table 2.19
      • The NAFTA Text
      • The Labor Side Agreement
      • Box 2.2
    • Labor Adjustment Programs in North America
    • Conclusion and Recommendations
    • References
    • Appendix 2A
  • Chapter 3 Environment
    • NAFTA's Environmental Provisions
      • Preamble and Chapter 1
      • Chapters 7B and 9
      • North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation
      • Commission for Environmental Cooperation
      • Box 3.1
      • Citizen Submissions under Articles 14 and 15
    • Environmental Policy Trends in North America
      • United States and Canada
      • Mexico
    • The US-Mexico Border
      • Table 3.1
      • Integrated Environmental Plan for the Border Region
    • Conclusions and Recommendations
      • With Regard to the NAFTA Environmental Provisions
      • With Regard to NAAEC
      • With Regard to the US-Mexican Border
      • Summing Up
    • References
    • Appendix 3A
  • Chapter 4 Dispute Settlement Systems
    • Chapter 11
    • Chapter 14
    • Chapter 19
    • Chapter 20
    • NAFTA and WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanisms Compared
      • Decentralized System
      • Judges and Panelists
      • Timelines
      • Transparency
      • Finality and Enforceability of Decisions
      • Table 4.1
    • Outcome of Dispute Settlement Cases
      • Chapter 11 Cases
      • Table 4.2
      • Table 4.3
      • Table 4.4
      • Table 4.5
      • Table 4.6
      • Chapter 19 Cases
      • Table 4.7
      • Table 4.8
      • Table 4.9
      • Chapter 20 Cases
    • Conclusion and Recommendations
      • Institutional Consolidation
      • Structural Changes: Chapters 11, 19, and 20
    • References
    • Appendix 4A
  • Chapter 5 Agriculture
    • Overview of Agricultural Trade in NAFTA
      • Trade and Agriculture
      • Table 5.1
      • Domestic Agricultural Policies
      • Table 5.2
      • Table 5.3
    • US-Canada Wheat Dispute
      • Types of Wheat Involved
      • Table 5.4
      • Competition for Third-Country Markets
      • Wheat Industry Concerns about Pricing
      • Table 5.5
      • State Trading Enterprises and the CWB
      • Table 5.6
      • Table 5.7
      • One Unsuccessful Answer: The Export Enhancement Program
      • The Current US-Canada Wheat Dispute
      • Wheat Recommendations
    • The Sugar Saga
      • NAFTA and Sugar
      • Table 5.8
      • Domestic Sugar Policies
      • Table 5.9
      • Sugar Side Letter Controversy
      • Table 5.10
      • US-Canada Agreement on Sugar
      • Sugar Disputes under NAFTA
      • Sugar Recommendations
    • The Corn Saga
      • Table 5.11
      • Box 5.3
      • Table 5.12
      • Corn Production
      • Table 5.13
      • Corn Prices
      • Corn Trade
      • Table 5.14
      • Background of US-Mexico Corn Dispute
      • Table 5.15
      • Table 5.16
      • Table 5.17
      • Domestic Corn Policies
      • Table 5.18
      • Table 5.19
      • Potential Disputes
      • Table 5.20
      • Corn Recommendations
    • Conclusions and Recommendations
    • References
    • Appendix 5A
  • Chapter 6 The Automotive Sector
    • Policy in the Auto Sector
      • The 1965 Auto Pact
      • The Canada-US Free Trade Agreement
      • Mexico
      • NAFTA
    • North American Auto Trends
      • Production and Sales
      • Table 6.1
      • Table 6.2
      • Employment and Wages
      • Table 6.3
      • Table 6.4
      • Table 6.5a
      • Table 6.5b
      • Table 6.5c
      • Foreign Direct Investment
      • Table 6.6
      • Table 6.7
      • Trade
      • Table 6.8
      • Table 6.9
    • Conclusion
      • Table 6.10
    • References
    • Appendix 6A
  • Chapter 7 Energy
    • Energy Policies in North America
      • Canada
      • United States
      • Box 7.1 Energy Policy Act of 2005
      • Mexico
    • Medium-Term Energy Outlook
      • Energy Balances
      • Table 7.1a
      • Table 7.1b
      • Demand
      • Table 7.2
      • Supply
      • Table 7.3
      • Greenhouse Emissions
      • Table 7.4
    • NAFTA and Energy Trade
      • The NAFTA Text
      • Energy Trade
      • Table 7.5a
      • Table 7.5b
      • Table 7.6a
      • Table 7.6b
      • North American Policy Cooperation: Recent Initiatives
    • Recommendations
      • Box 7.2
      • Furthering US-Canada Policy Cooperation
      • Box 7.3
      • Expanding Mexican Production and US-Mexico Energy Trade
      • Energy Cooperation: Final Thoughts
    • References
  • Chapter 8 Mexico-US Migration
    • Postwar Migration Policy
      • Figure 8.1
    • The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986
      • Figure 8.2
    • Mexican Immigrants and Current Trends
      • Table 8.2
    • NAFTA and the Migration Hump
      • Pre-NAFTA Studies
      • Figure 8.3
      • Picturing the Hump
      • Contrast with Trade Theory
    • Formal-Sector Jobs and Migration
      • Table 8.3
      • Job Growth
      • Demography
    • Managing Mexico-US Migration
      • President Fox's Initiative
      • Table 8.4
      • Congressional Initiatives
      • Pilot Guestworker Programs
      • An L-1 Visa Option
      • Migrant Workers in Agriculture
      • Social Security and UI Funds
      • Don't Forget Enforcement
    • Conclusions and Recommendations
    • References
  • Chapter 9 Recommendations for North American Economic Integration
    • Post-September 11 Challenges
    • Upgrading NAFTA
    • Deepening the Trade Bargain
    • Going with the Energy Flow
    • Controls on Coming and Going
    • Where the Buck Stops
    • Updating Environment and Labor Provisions
    • Strengthening NAFTA's Institutions
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • Acronyms
  • Index

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