How did the breakdown of Roman rule in the Iberian Peninsula eventually result in the formation of a Visigothic kingdom with authority centralised in Toledo? This collection of essays challenges the view that local powers were straightforwardly subjugated to the expanding central power of the monarchy. Rather than interpret countervailing events as mere ‘delays’ in this inevitable process, the contributors to this book interrogate where these events came from, which causes can be uncovered and how much influence individual actors had in this process. What emerges is a story of contested interests seeking cooperation through institutions and social practices that were flexible enough to stabilise a system that was hierarchical yet mutually beneficial for multiple social groups. By examining the Visigothic settlement, the interplay between central and local power, the use of ethnic identity, projections of authority, and the role of the Church, this book articulates a model for understanding the formation of a large and important early medieval kingdom.
- Cover
- Table of Contents
- Abbreviations
- Preface and Acknowledgements
- 1. The Visigothic Kingdom of Toledo
- Current Perspectives on the Negotiation of Power in Post-Roman Iberia
- The Day Before – Prologue
- Concepts of Central and Local Power
- 3. The Visigoths in Hispania
- New Perspectives on their Arrival and Settlement
- 4. The Early Visigothic Presence in Southeastern Hispania
- New Finds from a Rural Settlement in the Carthaginiensis, Senda de Granada (Murcia)
- Jaime Vizcaíno Sánchez and Luis Alberto García Blánquez
- 5. Beyond Central and Local Powers
- The General Councils of Toledo and the Politics of Integration
- 6. King Wamba’s Campaign against dux Paulus (673)
- Narration of Military and Royal Power in the Late Visigothic Kingdom
- Power, Identity, and Ethnicity
- 7. How to Stay Gothic without a Gothic King
- 8. Who are the Visigoths?
- Concepts of Ethnicity in the Kingdom of Toledo: A Case Study of the Vitas Sanctorum Patrum Emeretensium
- 9. The Visigothic Kingdom – A Kingdom without Visigoths?
- The Debate on the Ethnic Interpretation of the Early Medieval Cemeteries on the Iberian Peninsula
- 10. Local Citizenships and the Visigothic Kingdom
- Representations of Power
- 11. Recopolis
- The Representation of Power in a Complex Landscape
- 12. Figura et potentia
- Coin and Power in the Visigothic Kingdom
- 13. The Liber Iudiciorum
- A Visigothic Literary Guide to Institutional Authority and Self-Interest
- 14. Epigraphic Habit and Power in Visigothic Hispania
- Javier de Santiago Fernández
- Power and Church
- 15. Between Throne and Altar
- Political Power and Episcopal Authority in the Beginning of the Visigothic Kingdom of Toledo
- 16. Ecclesiastical Landscapes in the Visigothic Capital and Countryside of Toledo (Spain)
- Isabel Sánchez Ramos and Jorge Morín de Pablos
- 17. Ancient Classics and Catholic Tradition through Time and Space
- Martin of Braga and his Cultural Claims
- 18. Conflicts over Episcopal Office in Southern Hispania
- Comparative Perspectives from Visigothic and Byzantine Territories
- The Day After – Epilogue
- 19. In a Savage Kingdom (regnum efferum)?
- Evaluating the Islamic Conquest of Spania from the Archaeological Record
- 20. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
- Index of Places, Names and Subjects
- Illustrations
- Table
- Table 5.1 Attendance of bishops from Mérida, Seville, and Córdoba at the general councils
- Figures
- Fig. 2.1 The provinces of late Roman Spain. © Pascal Brunello and Laurent Brassous.
- Fig. 4.1 Plan of the rural complex of Senda de Granada (Murcia, Spain). © Jaime Vizcaíno Sánchez and Luis Alberto García Blánquez.
- Fig. 4.2 View of some silos and detail of silo-dump 4015, where the cloisonné purse mount was found. © Jaime Vizcaíno Sánchez and Luis Alberto García Blánquez.
- Fig. 4.3 Plan of the religious building and the sacred cemetery. Details of the tombs located in the southwestern corner and grave 10, showing the disk brooch and the belt buckle. © Jaime Vizcaíno Sánchez and Luis Alberto García Blánquez.
- Fig. 4.4 Grave goods of tomb 10: disk brooch and belt buckle. © Jaime Vizcaíno Sánchez and Luis Alberto García Blánquez.
- Fig. 4.5 Cloisonné purse mount found in silo-dump 4015. © Jaime Vizcaíno Sánchez and Luis Alberto García Blánquez.
- Fig. 9.1 Cacera de las Ranas, Prov. Toledo, burial 7. © After Ardanaz Arranz 2000, pp. 25–32.
- Fig. 9.2 The evolution of ‘Visigothic’ dress accessories in southern France and Spain: diachronic regional sequences. © After Pinar Gil 2012b, p. 118, fig. 9.
- Fig. 9.3 San Miguel de Arroyo, Province of Valladolid, burial 10. © After Palol y Salellas 1969, p. 108, fig. 9.
- Fig. 11.1 Recopolis. © Department of Archaeology, University of Alcalá.
- Fig. 11.2 Aerial view of Recopolis. © cnig.es – Centro Nacional de Información Geográfica, PNOA, 2010, Spain.
- Fig. 11.3 Recopolis: excavated area. © Olmo Enciso 2018.
- Fig. 11.4 Recopolis: geomagnetic survey in 2015. © Henning, McCormick, Olmo Enciso et al. 2019.
- Fig. 11.5 Archaeological interpretation of GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar) data from the eastern part of the palatial complex. © Olmo Enciso, Castro-Priego, and Diarte-Blasco, in press.
- Fig. 11.6 Recopolis: reorganization of the territory, new settlement, and road network. © Lauro Olmo Enciso.
- Fig. 11.7 The reorganized road system around Recopolis. © Olmo Enciso 2018.
- Fig. 12.1 Reverse of a Visigothic tremissis of Theodoric II or Euric in the name of Libius Severus (461–465). © Bibliothèque Nationale de France Paris.
- Fig. 12.2 Visigothic tremissis in the name of Anastasius, with pectoral cross. © British Museum, inv. no. 1860,0330.1034.
- Fig. 12.3 Liuvigild of Toledo, c.580–582. © Mérida Hoard, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Mérida.
- Fig. 12.4 Obverse of a tremissis of Liuvigild (Tarracona), post-584. © American Numismatic Society, New York.
- Fig. 12.5 Obverse of a solidus of Tiberius II Constantine (578–582). © private collection.
- Fig. 12.6 Visigothic crowns: obverse of a tremissis of Wamba of Toledo and obverse of a tremissis of Egica of Toledo. © Private collection and Numismatic Society of America, New York.
- Fig. 12.7 Visigothic crowns: obverse of a tremissis of Egica (Mentesa) and obverse of a tremissis of Egica (Córdoba) with crown topped by cross. © Royal Coin Cabinet Stockholm and American Numismatic Society, New York.
- Fig. 12.8 Visigothic crowns: obverse of a tremissis of Roderic (Egitania). © Museo de Conimbriga.
- Fig. 12.9 Visigothic crowns: obverse of a tremissis of Erwig (Emerita). © Royal Coin Cabinet Stockholm.
- Fig. 12.10 The image of Christ: relief of Christ with a nimb, church of Quintanilla de las Viñas (Burgos). © Jorge Morín de Pablos.
- Fig. 12.11 The image of Christ: Placa de las Tamujas (Malpica, Toledo). © Jorge Morín de Pablos.
- Fig. 12.12 Obverse of a tremissis of Erwig (Córdoba). © Museo Prasa.
- Fig. 12.13 Tremissis of Agila II of Narbona. © Museo Arqueológico Nacional Madrid.
- Fig. 14.1 Epitaph of Fl. Salutius. © Museo Arqueológico Nacional Madrid, inv. no. 50083.
- Fig. 14.2 Epitaph of Florentia and Marcella. © Museo Arqueológico Nacional Madrid, inv. no. 57769.
- Fig. 14.3 Epitaph of Ilpericus. © Museo Arqueológico Nacional Madrid, inv. no. 62292.
- Fig. 15.1 Map of the municipalities and necropoleis with Pontic-Danubian materials north of the Sistema Central. © Rafael Barroso Cabrera.
- Fig. 16.1 Plan of Toledo in the seventh century. 1) Location proposed for the episcopal see; 2) fragment of sacred stones related to the Visigothic cathedral (St. Ginés street and St. Pedro Martir convent); 3) location proposed for the Holy Apostles churc
- Fig. 16.2 Sculptural decoration in marble found in Toledo. a) An epigraph that commemorates the Catholic reconsecration of the basilica of St. Mary (ecclesia sanctae Mariae virginis); b) a cancel of the liturgical sculptural group reused in the walls of S
- Fig. 16.3 Location of the main Visigothic archaeological sites in the region of Toledo. 1) Las Vegas (La Pueblanueva); 2) El Saucedo (Talavera de la Reina); 3) Las Tamujas (Malpica de Tajo); 4) St. Maria de Abajo (Carranque); 5) El Rincón (Alcolea de Tajo
- Fig. 16.4 Areal view of the pantheon and all the burials documented in the archaeological site of Los Hitos. © Isabel Sánchez Ramos and Jorge Morín de Pablos.
- Fig. 16.5 Sacred architecture in the territory of Toledo: a) St. Pedro de la Mata church; b) Guarrazar; c) St. Maria de Melque church. © Isabel Sánchez Ramos and Jorge Morín de Pablos.
- Fig. 19.1 Cities that signed peace treaties, according the Arabic chronicles and the lead seals. © Julián M. Ortega Ortega.
- Fig. 19.2 Location of the archaeological sites of the municipality of Loja (Granada) cited in the text. © Julián M. Ortega Ortega.
- Fig. 19.3 Dirhems minted in al-Andalus before year 756 in hoards documented in the central regions of the Umayyad Empire. © Julián M. Ortega Ortega.
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