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Rembrandt, Vermeer, and the Gift in Seventeenth-Century Dutch Art

Rembrandt, Vermeer, and the Gift in Seventeenth-Century Dutch Art

This book offers a new perspective on the art of the Dutch Golden Age by exploring the interaction between the gift's symbolic economy of reciprocity and obligation and the artistic culture of early modern Holland. Gifts of art were pervasive in seventeenth-century Europe and many Dutch artists, like their counterparts elsewhere, embraced gift giving to cultivate relations with patrons, art lovers, and other members of their social networks. Rembrandt also created distinctive works to function within a context of gift exchange, and both Rembrandt and Vermeer engaged the ethics of the gift to identify their creative labor as motivated by what contemporaries called a "love of art," not materialistic gain. In the merchant republic's vibrant market for art, networks of gift relations and the anti-economic rhetoric of the gift mingled with the growing dimension of commerce, revealing a unique chapter in the interconnected history of gift giving and art making.
  • Cover
  • Table of Contents
  • Acknowledgments
  • Introduction
  • 1. The Gift and Art in Early Modernity
  • 2. Art as Gift in the Dutch Republic
  • 3. Rembrandt’s Art as Gift
  • 4. Art and Leisure: Amateur Artists,Rembrandt, and Landscape Representation
  • 5. For the Love of Art: Vermeer and thePoetics of the Gift
  • Conclusion
  • Bibliography
  • Index
  • Illustrations
    • 1. Salvator Rosa, Heroic Battle, 1652-1664. Oil on canvas, 241 × 351 cm. Musée du Louvre, Paris. Photo: Louvre, Paris / Bridgeman Images.
    • 2. Titian, Pardo Venus (Jupiter and Antiope), 1551. Oil on canvas. 196 × 385 cm. Musée du Louvre, Paris. Photo: Louvre, Paris / Bridgeman Images.
    • 3. Titian, Charles V with a Dog, 1533. Oil on canvas, 192 × 111 cm. Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid. Photo: Prado, Madrid / Bridgeman Images.
    • 4. Giambologna, Samson Slaying a Philistine, ca. 1562. Marble, 209.9 cm high. Victoria and Albert Museum, London. Photo: V & A Images, London / Art Resource, ny.
    • 5. Woven by Jan Raes I after designs by Peter Paul Rubens, The Triumph of the Eucharist, ca. 1625-1633. Wool and silk, 490 × 750 cm. Monasterio de las Descalzas, Madrid. Photo: Monasterio de las Descalzas, Madrid / Bridgeman Images.
    • 6. Peter Paul Rubens, Minerva Protects Pax from Mars (Peace and War), 1629-1630. Oil on canvas, 203.6 × 298 cm. National Gallery, London. Photo: National Gallery, London / Bridgeman Images.
    • 7. Ludovico Cigoli, Ecce Homo, 1607. Oil on canvas, 175 × 135 cm. Palazzo Pitti, Florence. Photo: Palazzo Pitti, Florence / Bridgeman Images.
    • 8. Michiel van Mierevelt, Dudley Carleton, Viscount Dorchester, ca. 1620. Oil on panel. 63. 5 × 50.2 cm. National Portrait Gallery, London. Photo: National Portrait Gallery, London / Art Resource, ny.
    • 9. Peter Paul Rubens. Daniel in the Lions’ Den, ca. 1614-1616. Oil on canvas, 224.2 × 330.5 cm. National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Photo: Courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington.
    • 10. Rembrandt van Rijn (?), Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (Self-Portrait), 1629-1631. Oil on canvas, 69.7 × 57 cm. Walker Art Gallery, National Museums Liverpool. Photo: Walker Art Gallery, National Museums Liverpool / Bridgeman Images.
    • 11. Jan Lievens, An Old Woman Called ‘The Artist’s Mother’, ca. 1627-1629. Oil on panel, 61.3 × 47.4 cm. Royal Collection, London. Photo: Royal Collection Trust / © Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II 2020.
    • 12. Jan Lievens, Sir Robert Kerr, 1st Earl of Ancrum, 1654. Oil on canvas, 62.2 × 51.4 cm. National Galleries of Scotland. Accepted by HM Government in Lieu of Inheritance Tax and Allocated to the Scottish National Portrait Gallery, 2010.
    • 13. Nicolas Poussin, Self-Portrait, 1650. Oil on canvas, 98 × 74 cm. Musée du Louvre, Paris. Photo © Photo Josse / Bridgeman Images.
    • 14. Daniël Seghers and Thomas Willeboirts Bosschaert, Garland of Flowers Surrounding a Sculpture of the Virgin Mary, 1645. Oil on canvas, 151 × 122. 7 cm. Mauritshuis, The Hague.
    • 15. Hans Coenraad van Brechtel (copies after). Painter’s Palette of Daniël Seghers, Five Brush-Holders, and Painter’s Maulstick. Gilded copper, 23.5 × 17.5 cm (palette); 22.5 cm length (brush-holders); 88 × 1.2 cm (maulstick). Antwerp City Collection, Rub
    • 16. Orazio Gentileschi, The Annunciation, 1621-1623. Oil on canvas, 289 × 198 cm. Galleria Sabauda, Turin. Photo © Musei Reali di Torino / Paolo Robino / Bridgeman Images.
    • 17. Orazio Gentileschi, The Finding of Moses, 1633. Oil on canvas, 242 × 281 cm. Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid. Photo: Prado, Madrid / Bridgeman Images.
    • 18. Paulus Pontius after Peter Paul Rubens, Allegorical Portrait of Gaspar de Guzman, Count-Duke Olivares, ca. 1625. Engraving, 61.3 × 44.1 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
    • 19. Quentin Metsys, Desiderius Erasmus, 1517. Oil on panel, 50.5 × 45.2 cm. Royal Collection, London. Photo: Royal Collection Trust / © Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II 2020.
    • 20. Quentin Metsys, Pieter Gillis, 1517. Oil on panel, 76.6 × 52.2 cm. © Longford Castle, England. Photo: Longford Castle Collection.
    • 21. Michelangelo, Archers Shooting at a Herm, ca. 1530. Red chalk (two shades) on paper, 21.9 × 32.3 cm. Royal Collection, London. Photo: Royal Collection Trust / © Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II 2020.
    • 22. Michelangelo, Cleopatra, 1530-1534. Black chalk on paper, 23.2 × 18. 2 cm. Casa Buonarotti, Florence. Photo © Nicolò Orsi Battaglini / Bridgeman Images.
    • 23. Michelangelo, Pietà, 1540. Black chalk on paper, 28.9 × 18. 9 cm. Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Boston. Photo: Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Boston, ma / Bridgeman Images.
    • 24. Titian and Workshop, Madonna and Child in a Landscape with Tobias and the Angel, ca. 1535-1540. Oil on panel, 85.2 × 120.3 cm. Royal Collection, London. Photo: Royal Collection Trust / © Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II 2020.
    • 25. Veronese and Workshop, The Mystic Marriage of St. Catherine of Alexandria, ca. 1562-1569. Oil on canvas, 148.0 × 199.5 cm. Royal Collection, London. Photo: Royal Collection Trust / © Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II 2020.
    • 26. Giulio Romano, Portrait of Margherita Paleologo, ca. 1531. Oil on panel, 115.3 × 91 cm. Royal Collection, London. Photo: Royal Collection Trust / © Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II 2020.
    • 27. Lorenzo Lotto, Portrait of Andrea Odoni, 1527. Oil on canvas, 104.3 × 116.8 cm. Royal Collection, London. Photo: Royal Collection Trust / © Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II 2020.
    • 28. Guercino (Giovanni Francesco Barbieri), Semiramis Receiving Word of the Revolt of Babylon, 1624. Oil on canvas, 112.4 × 154.6 cm. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Photo: Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, ma. Frances Welch Fund / Bridgeman Images.
    • 29. Pieter Saenredam, Interior of St. Bavo’s Church, Haarlem (The ‘Groote Kerk’), 1648. Oil on panel, 174.8 × 143.6 cm. National Galleries of Scotland. Purchased by Private Treaty with the Aid of the National Heritage Memorial Fund, the Art Fund (William
    • 30. Gerrit Dou, The Young Mother, 1658. Oil on panel, 73.7 × 55.5 cm. Mauritshuis, The Hague.
    • 31. Gerrit Dou, The Tooth Puller, ca. 1630-1635. Oil on panel, 32 × 26 cm. Musée du Louvre, Paris. © Photo Josse / Bridgeman Images.
    • 32. Adam Elsheimer, The Mocking of Ceres, ca. 1608. Oil on copper, coated with silver, 29. 1 × 24 cm. Agnes Etherington Art Centre, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario. Gift of Alfred and Isabel Bader, 2008-(51-004.03).
    • 33. Geertgen tot Sint Jans, Lamentation over the Dead Christ, Right Inside Wing of the Altarpiece of St. John, ca. 1484. Tempera on panel, 175 × 139 cm. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. Photo: Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna / De Agostini Picture Librar
    • 34. Jan Gossaert, Adam and Eve, ca. 1520. Oil on panel, 169.2 × 112 cm. Royal Collection, London. Photo: Royal Collection Trust / © Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II 2020.
    • 35. Govert Flinck, Manius Curius Dentatus Rejecting the Gifts of the Shunamites, 1656. Oil on canvas, 485 × 377 cm. Royal Palace, Amsterdam. © Royal Palace Amsterdam Foundation. Photo: Tom Haartsen.
    • 36. Ferdinand Bol, Gaius Fabricius Luscinus in Pyrrhus’s Army Camp, 1656. Oil on canvas, 485 × 350 cm. Royal Palace, Amsterdam. © Royal Palace Amsterdam Foundation. Photo: Tom Haartsen.
    • 37. Jan Baptist Weenix, The Dutch Ambassador Jan Cunaeus on his Way to Isfahan, 1653-1659. Oil on canvas, 101 × 179 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
    • 38. Johannes Vermeer, The Astronomer, 1668. Oil on canvas, 51.4 × 45.5 cm. Musée du Louvre, Paris. Photo: Louvre, Paris / Bridgeman Images.
    • 39. Bichitr, Jahangir Preferring a Sufi Shaikh to Kings, folio from the St. Petersburg Album, ca. 1615-1618. Opaque watercolor, ink and gold on paper, 18 × 25.3 cm. Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.: Purchase – Charles Lang F
    • 40. Joost Gerritsz, VOC Lantern, presented in 1643. Bronze, Nikko, Japan, Toshogu Shrine. CC-BY-SA-4.0. Photo: Zairon.
    • 41. Samuel van Hoogstraten, Perspective Box with Interior of a Dutch House, ca. 1655-1660. Oil on panels. National Gallery, London. Photo: National Gallery London / De Agostini Picture Library / Bridgeman Images.
    • 42. Cornelis Claesz van Wieringen, Battle of Gibraltar, 1622. Oil on canvas, 180 × 490 cm. Collection Het Scheepvaartmuseum, Amsterdam.
    • 43. Ludolf Backhuysen, The Port of Amsterdam, View of the IJ, 1666. Oil on canvas, 128 × 221 cm. Musée du Louvre, Paris. Photo: Louvre, Paris / Bridgeman Images.
    • 44. Albert Eckhout, Tapuya Woman, 1641. Oil on canvas, 272 × 165 cm. John Lee, CC-BY-SA, The National Museum of Denmark.
    • 45. Albert Eckhout, Tupi Man, 1643. Oil on canvas, 272 × 163 cm. John Lee, CC-BY-SA, The National Museum of Denmark.
    • 46. Albert Eckhout, African Man, 1641. Oil on canvas, 273 × 167 cm. John Lee, CC-BY-SA, The National Museum of Denmark.
    • 47. Albert Eckhout, Tapuya Dance, ca. 1640. Oil on canvas, 172 × 295 cm. John Lee, CC-BY-SA, The National Museum of Denmark.
    • 48. Frans Post, The Old Portuguese Fort of the Three Wise Kings (or Fort Ceulen), near the Rio Grande in Brazil, 1638. Oil on canvas, 62 × 95 cm. Musée du Louvre, Paris. Photo: René-Gabriel Ojéda. © RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, ny.
    • 49. Paulus Moreelse, Shepherd Boy with Flowers, 1627. Oil on panel 31.6 × 24.9 cm. Staatliches Museum Schwerin. Photo: bpk Bildagentur / Staatliches Museum Schwerin / Hans Maertens / Art Resource, ny.
    • 50. Cornelis van Poelenburch, Banquet of the Gods, ca. 1627. Oil on panel, 36 × 69 cm. Anhaltische Gemäldegalerie, Dessau.
    • 51. Roelandt Savery, Paradise, 1626. Oil on panel, 80.5 × 137.6 cm. Gemäldegalerie Staatliche Museen, Berlin. Photo: bpk Bildagentur / Gemäldegalerie Staatliche Museen, Berlin / Jörg Anders / Art Resource, ny.
    • 52. Reinier Nooms, View of Algiers, 1662-1668. Oil on canvas, 65.5 × 110 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
    • 53. Titian, Portrait of Gerolamo (?) Barbarigo, ca. 1510. Oil on canvas, 81.2 × 66.3 cm. National Gallery, London. Photo: National Gallery, London / Bridgeman Images.
    • 54. Rembrandt van Rijn, Self-Portrait Leaning on a Stone Sill, 1639. Etching and drypoint, 20.6 × 16.4 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
    • 55. Rembrandt van Rijn, Self-Portrait at the Age of 34, 1640. Oil on canvas, 102 × 80 cm. National Gallery, London. Photo: National Gallery, London / Bridgeman Images.
    • 56. Rembrandt van Rijn, The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp, 1632. Oil on canvas, 169.5 × 216.5 cm. Mauritshuis, The Hague.
    • 57. Rembrandt van Rijn, The Night Watch (The Militia Company of District II under the Command of Captain Frans Banninck Cocq), 1642. Oil on canvas, 379.5 × 453.5 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
    • 58. Rembrandt van Rijn, The Sampling Officials of the Amsterdam Drapers’ Guild (The Syndics), 1662. Oil on canvas, 191.5 × 279 cm. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum.
    • 59. Frans Hals, The Regentesses of the Old Men’s Almshouse, 1664. Oil on canvas, 170.5 × 249.5 cm. Frans Hals Museum, Haarlem. Photo: René Gerritsen.
    • 60. Thomas de Keyser, Constantijn Huygens and his Clerk, 1627. Oil on panel, 92.4 × 69.3 cm. National Gallery, London. Photo: National Gallery, London / Bridgeman Images.
    • 61. Maerten van Heemskerck, St. Luke Painting the Virgin, 1532. Oil on panel, 168 × 235 cm. Frans Hals Museum, Haarlem. Photo: Margareta Svensson.
    • 62. Samuel van Hoogstraten, A Trompe l’Oeil of Objects Attached to a Letter Rack, 1664. Oil on canvas, 45.5 × 57.5 cm. Dordrechts Museum, Dordrecht. Photo: Museum of Dordrecht / Bridgeman Images.
    • 63. Hendrick Goltzius, The Artist’s Emblem: Eer boven Gold (‘Honor above Gold’), ca. 1607, drawing from the album amicorum of Ernst Brinck van Harderwijk, fol. 256r. Pen and brown ink, 15 × 10 cm. Koninklijke Bibliotheek, The Hague. Photo: Koninklijke Bib
    • 64. Jan Lievens, Lamentation of Christ, ca. 1640. Oil on canvas. 144.5 × 217.5 cm. Staatsgalerie in Neue Residenz, Bamberg. Photo: bpk Bildagentur / Staatsgalerie in Neue Residenz, Bamberg / Art Resource, ny.
    • 65. Govert Flinck, Solomon’s Prayer for Wisdom, ca. 1655. Oil on canvas, 113.9 × 101.8 cm. Museum and Gallery at Bob Jones University, Greenville, South Carolina.
    • 66. Ferdinand Bol, The Persian King Cyrus Returns the Treasure Looted from the Temple, 1669. Oil on canvas, 157 × 171 cm. Nieuwe Kerk, Amsterdam / on loan from the Protestantse Kerk, Amsterdam. Photo: Amsterdam Museum, Amsterdam.
    • 67. Bartholomeus van der Helst, Cornelis van Poelenburch, Jan Both, and Jacob Duck, Portrait of Willem Vincent, Baron van Wyttenhorst, 1644. Oil on panel, 46 × 35 cm. LWL-Museum für Kunst und Kultur, Westfälisches Landesmuseum, Münster / on loan from a pr
    • 68. Cornelis van Poelenburch, Portrait of Jan Both, 1648. Oil on copper, 16.5 × 13.5 cm. LWL-Museum für Kunst und Kultur, Westfälisches Landesmuseum, Münster / on loan from a private collection. Photo: LWL-Museum für Kunst und Kultur, Westfälisches Landes
    • 69. Jacques de Gheyn, A Soldier Shaping the Match between his Thumb and Forefinger, from the Marksmen series, Plate 41 in Wapenhandelinghe van roers musquetten ende spiessen (The Exercise of Arms), 1607. Engraving, 25.5 × 18.5 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
    • 70. Michiel van Mierevelt, Portrait of Maurits, Prince of Orange, ca. 1613-1620. Oil on panel, 220.3 × 143.5 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
    • 71. Jan Harmensz Muller after Michiel van Mierevelt, Portrait of Maurits, Prince of Orange, 1608. Engraving, 41.1 × 29.2 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
    • 72. Jacob Matham after Michiel van Mierevelt, Portrait of Frederik Hendrik, Prince of Orange-Nassau, 1610. Engraving, 4.1 × 28.9 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
    • 73. Hendrick Cornelisz Vroom, View of Delft from the Northwest, ca. 1615. Oil on canvas, 71 × 162 cm. Collection Prinsenhof Delft. Photo: Tom Haartsen.
    • 74. Hendrick Cornelisz Vroom, View of Delft from the Southwest, 1615. Oil on canvas, 71 × 160 cm. Collection Prinsenhof Delft. Photo: Tom Haartsen.
    • 75. Gerrit Pietersz, Mercury, ca. 1591-1593. Pen and brown ink, brown wash, 24.3 × 19.5 cm. Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam. Photo: Studio Buitenhof.
    • 76. Hendrick Goltzius, Letter with a Bust of a Man, 1605. Pen and brown ink, 7.4 × 6 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
    • 77. Jan de Bray, Self-Portrait Playing Chess, 1661, drawing from Jacob Heyblocq’s album amicorum, fol. 249. Pen and ink. Koninklijke Bibliotheek, The Hague. Photo: Koninklijke Bibliotheek.
    • 78. David Bailly, Vanitas Still Life, 1624, drawing from Cornelis de Montigny de Glarges’s album amicorum, fol. 161. Pen and ink. Koninklijke Bibliotheek, The Hague. Photo: Koninklijke Bibliotheek.
    • 79. Emanuel de Witte, Medusa, ca. 1635-1641. Graphite on parchment, autograph framing line in graphite, 15.2 × 11 cm. Accession no. 1999. 123.42. The Maida and George Abrams Collection, Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, ma. Photo: © Presiden
    • 80. Hendrick Goltzius, Portrait of a Friend of the Artist, ca. 1580. Pen in brown ink on vellum, diam. 13.7 x cm. Musée Condé, Chantilly. Photo: Musée Condé, Chantilly / Bridgeman Images.
    • 81. Hendrick Goltzius, Self-Portrait, inscribed: “Henricus Goltzius, Johani Engel / brecht Amicie ergo D. Dicavit,” 1605. Silverpoint on yellow-prepared vellum, 8.8 × 6.4 cm. The British Museum, London. Photo: © Trustees of the British Museum.
    • 82. Hendrick Goltzius, Portrait of Giambologna, 1590-1591. Black and colored chalk, 37 × 30 cm. Teylers Museum, Haarlem. Photo: Teylers Museum.
    • 83. Hendrick Goltzius, Portrait of Hans Bol, 1593. Engraving, 26.4 × 18 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
    • 84. Hendrick Goltzius after Palma Giovane, St. Jerome, 1596. Engraving, 42.3 × 28 cm. Harvard Art Museums, Cambridge, ma. Accession no. 2011.637. Harvard Art Museums / Fogg Museum, Gift of Barbara Ketcham Wheaton.
    • 85. Hendrick Goltzius, Portrait of Jan Govertsen van der Aer, 1603. Oil on canvas, 82.7 × 107.5. Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam. Loan: P. & N. de Boer Foundation. Photo: Studio Tromp.
    • 86. Rembrandt van Rijn, Satire on Art Criticism, 1644. Pen and brown ink, corrected with white, 15.5 × 20.1 cm. Robert Lehman Collection, 1975. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Photo: metmuseum.org.
    • 87. Frans van Mieris the Elder, The Doctor’s Visit, 1667. Oil on panel, 44.5 × 31.1 cm. The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles. Digital image courtesy of the Getty’s Open Content Program.
    • 88. Rembrandt van Rijn, The Ascension of Christ, 1636. Oil on canvas, 92.7 × 68.3 cm. Alte Pinakothek, Munich. Photo: bpk Bildagentur / Alte Pinakothek, Bayerische Staatsgemäldesammlungen, Munich / Art Resource, ny.
    • 89. Rembrandt van Rijn, The Descent from the Cross, 1632-1633. Oil on panel, 90 × 65 cm. Alte Pinakothek, Munich. Photo: Alte Pinakothek, Munich / Bridgeman Images.
    • 90. Rembrandt van Rijn, The Resurrection of Christ, ca. 1640-1641. Oil on canvas, 91.9 × 67 cm. Alte Pinakothek, Munich. Photo: bpk Bildagentur / Alte Pinakothek, Bayerische Staatsgemäldesammlungen, Munich / Art Resource, ny.
    • 91. Rembrandt van Rijn, The Adoration of the Shepherds, 1646. Oil on canvas, 97 × 71.3 cm. Alte Pinakothek, Munich. Photo: Alte Pinakothek, Munich / Bridgeman Images.
    • 92. Lucas van Leyden, The Beggars (Eulenspiegel), 1520. Etching and engraving, 17.5 × 14.1 cm. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Photo: metmuseum.org.
    • 93. Rembrandt van Rijn, The Blinding of Samson, 1636. Oil on canvas, 206 × 276 cm. Städel Museum, Frankfurt am Main. Photo: Städel Museum, Frankfurt am Main. © Fine Art Images / Bridgeman Images.
    • 94. Rembrandt van Rijn, Danaë, 1636 (reworked 1640s). Oil on canvas, 185 × 203 cm. The State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg. Photo: The State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg / Bridgeman Images.
    • 95. Rembrandt van Rijn, Self-Portrait with Saskia, 1636. Etching, 10.4 × 9.4 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
    • 96. Rembrandt van Rijn. Jan Uytenbogaert (The Goldweigher), 1639. Etching and drypoint, 25.1 × 23 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
    • 97. Rembrandt van Rijn, Portrait of Maurits Huygens, 1632. Oil on panel, 31.1 × 24.5 cm. Kunsthalle, Hamburg. Photo: © Leonard de Selva / Bridgeman Images.
    • 98. Rembrandt van Rijn, Portrait of Jacques de Gheyn III, 1632. Oil on panel, 29.9 × 24.9 cm. Dulwich Picture Gallery, London. Photo: Dulwich Picture Gallery, London / Bridgeman Images.
    • 99. Rembrandt van Rijn, Bust of an Old Man, 1634, drawing from Burchard Grossmann’s album amicorum (II), fol. 233r-v. Pen and brush and brown ink, 8.9 × 71 cm. Inscribed on verso: “Een vroom gemoet acht eer voor goet / Rembrandt / Amsterdam 1634.” Koninkl
    • 100. Rembrandt van Rijn, Simeon’s Song of Praise, 1661, drawing from Jacob Heyblocq’s album amicorum, fol. 61r. Pen and brush and brown ink and white body-color, 12 × 8.9 cm. Koninklijke Bibliotheek, The Hague. Photo: Koninklijke Bibliotheek.
    • 101. Rembrandt van Rijn, Homer Reciting Verses, 1652, drawing from Jan Six’s Small Pandora Album, fol. 40r. Pen and brown ink, 26.5 × 19 cm. Six Collection, Amsterdam. Photo: Six Collection.
    • 102. Rembrandt van Rijn, Minerva in her Study, 1652, drawing from Jan Six’s Small Pandora Album, fol. 42r. Pen and brush and brown ink, 26.5 × 19 cm. Six Collection, Amsterdam. Photo: Six Collection.
    • 103. Rembrandt van Rijn, Medea, or The Wedding of Jason and Creusa, 1648. Etching, 24 × 17.7 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
    • 104. Rembrandt van Rijn, Jan Six, 1647. Etching, drypoint, and engraving, printed on Japan paper, 24.5 × 19.1 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
    • 105. Rembrandt van Rijn, Jan Six, 1654. Oil on canvas, 112 × 102 cm. Six Collection, Amsterdam. Photo: Six Collection.
    • 106. Rembrandt van Rijn, The Hundred Guilder Print (Christ Healing the Sick), ca. 1648. Etching and drypoint, first state, 28.2 × 39.5 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
    • 107. Arent de Gelder, Portrait of a Collector with Rembrandt’s 100 Guilder Print (Self-Portrait?), after 1685. Oil on canvas, 79.5 × 64.5 cm. The State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg. Photograph © The State Hermitage Museum / Photo: Pavel Demidov.
    • 108. Rembrandt van Rijn, Christ Presented to the People, 1655. Drypoint with plate tone, printed on Japan paper, seventh state, 35.9 × 45.1 cm. Fondation Custodia, Collection Frits Lugt, Paris.
    • 109. Rembrandt van Rijn, Woman at the Bath with a Hat beside Her, 1658. Etching and drypoint printed on Japan paper, 15.8 × 12.7 cm. National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Photo: Courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington.
    • 110. Rembrandt van Rijn, Arnout Tholinx, ca. 1656. Etching, engraving, and drypoint, 19.7 × 14.8 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
    • 111. Rembrandt van Rijn, Self-Portrait Etching at a Window, 1648. Etching and drypoint, 16 × 13 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
    • 112. Rembrandt van Rijn, Christ Preaching (La Petite Tombe), ca. 1657. Etching and drypoint printed on Japan paper, 15.5 × 20.4 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
    • 113. Rembrandt van Rijn, Clement de Jonghe, 1651. Etching printed on Japan paper, 20.5 × 16.2 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
    • 114. Rembrandt van Rijn, Portrait of an Elderly Man (Pieter de la Tombe?), 1667. Oil on canvas, 81.9 × 67.7 cm. Mauritshuis, The Hague.
    • 115. Rembrandt van Rijn, Christ Crucified between Two Thieves: The Three Crosses, 1653. Drypoint printed on vellum, second state, 38.1 × 43.8 cm. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Photo: metmuseum.org.
    • 116. Rembrandt van Rijn, Saint Francis Beneath a Tree Praying, 1657. Drypoint, printed with light plate tone on Japan paper, first state, 18 × 24.1 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
    • 117. Frans van Mieris, In the Artist’s Studio, ca. 1655-1657. Oil on panel, 63.9 × 46.8 cm. Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Dresden. Photo: Staatliche Kunstsammlungen, Dresden / Bridgeman Images.
    • 118. Rembrandt van Rijn, Thomas Haaringh, ca. 1655. Etching and drypoint printed on Japan paper, 19.6 × 15 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
    • 119. Rembrandt van Rijn, Pieter Haaringh, 1655. Etching and drypoint printed on Japan paper, 19.6 × 14.9 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
    • 120. Rembrandt van Rijn, Man with a Magnifying Glass (Pieter Haaringh?), ca. 1655. Oil on canvas, 91.4 × 74.3 cm. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Photo: metmuseum.org.
    • 121. Rembrandt van Rijn, Woman with a Pink (Elizabeth Delft?), ca. 1665. Oil on canvas, 92.1 × 74.6 cm. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Photo: metmuseum.org.
    • 122. Rembrandt van Rijn, Jan Antonides van der Linden, 1665. Etching, drypoint, and burin, 17.3 × 10.6 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
    • 123. Rembrandt van Rijn, Abraham Francen, ca. 1657. Etching, drypoint, and engraving, printed with plate tone on Japan paper, 15.8 × 21 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
    • 124. Anthony van Dyck and an unidentified engraver, Paulus Pontius, from the Iconography, ca. 1627-1630. Etching and engraving, second state, 23.3 × 18.3 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
    • 125. Rembrandt van Rijn, Jeremias de Decker, 1656. Oil on panel, 71 × 56 cm. The State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg. Photo: The State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg / Tarker / Bridgeman Images.
    • 126. Rembrandt van Rijn, Self-Portrait as Zeuxis, 1663. Oil on canvas, 82.5 × 65 cm. Wallraf-Richartz-Museum, Cologne. Photo: Wallraf-Richartz-Museum, Cologne / Bridgeman Images.
    • 127. Arent de Gelder, Self-Portrait as Zeuxis, 1685. Oil on canvas, 141.5 × 167.3 cm. Städel Museum, Frankfurt am Main. Photo: bpk Bildagentur / Städel Museum, Frankfurt am Main / Ursula Edelmann / Art Resource, ny.
    • 128. Jan de Bisschop, Huis ter Nieuburch at Rijswijk, from the South, ca. 1648-1671. Pen and brown ink, brown wash, 9.8 × 15.2 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
    • 129. Jan de Bisschop, Lane of the Huis ter Noot at The Hague, 1658. Pen and brown ink, brown wash and black chalk, 9.7 × 154 cm. Teylers Museum, Haarlem. Photo: Teylers Museum.
    • 130. Constantijn Huygens the Younger (attributed to), Two Draftsmen at Zorgvliet. Pen and brown ink, brown wash over traces of graphite, 24.3 × 37.3 cm. Haags Gemeentearchief. Photo: Collectie Haags Gemeentearchief.
    • 131. Constantijn Huygens the Younger, View of the Waal with the Castle Zuilichem, 1671. Pen and pencil and brown ink, 9.4 × 16 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
    • 132. Abraham Rutgers, The Castle of Nijenrode on the Vecht, 1665. Pen and brown ink, brown wash over a sketch, 20.3 × 32.4 cm. Fondation Custodia, Collection Frits Lugt, Paris.
    • 133. Jan de Bisschop, Pelikaansbolwerk at Leiden (?). 1649. Pencil in brown and grey, black chalk, 8.8 × 15.6 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
    • 134. Jan de Bisschop, Ruins of the Zaandpoort at Mechelen, 1649. Pen and brown ink, brown wash, black chalk, 9.5 × 15.3 cm. Fondation Custodia, Collection Frits Lugt, Paris.
    • 135. Constantijn Huygens the Younger, Bergen (Mons) from the Vicinity of Glin, 1675. Brown ink, with a partial framing line in graphite, on light tan antique laid paper, 12.5 × 19.3 cm. Accession no. 1979.64. Harvard Art Museums / Fogg Museum, Bequest of
    • 136. Constantijn Huygens the Younger, Landscape on the Outskirts of Bonn, 1673. Pen and brown ink, brush in brown and blue, 17 × 33.4 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
    • 137. Valentijn Klotz, View of Ghent, 1674. Pen and brown ink, light grey pencil, 9.1 × 15.4 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
    • 138. Valentijn Klotz, Encampment near Nivelles, 1674. Pen and brown ink, light grey pencil, 8.2 × 13.6 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
    • 139. Jacob Esselens, A View of Rye from Point Hill. Pen and brown ink with grey wash, over black chalk, 25 × 37 cm. Fitzwilliam Museum, University of Cambridge. Photo: Fitzwilliam Museum, University of Cambridge / Bridgeman Images.
    • 140. Nicolaes van Beresteyn, Rider in a Forest, 1650. Etching, 19.8 × 21.2 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
    • 141. Jan van Brosterhuysen, Landscape with Two Dead Fir Trees, ca. 1645. Etching, touched with grey wash, 9.7 × 10.9 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
    • 142. Constantijn Huygens the Younger, View of Lembeek, 1675. Pen and brown ink, 10.8 × 16.4 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
    • 143. Jacob van der Ulft after Jan de Bisschop, Huis ter Nieuburch at Rijswijk seen from the Southeast, ca. 1660-1670. Pen and brush in brown ink, brown wash, 17.5 × 27.2 cm. Kupferstichkabinett, Staatliche Museen, Berlin. Photo: bpk Bildagentur / Kupferst
    • 144. Rembrandt van Rijn, Stormy Landscape, ca. 1638. Oil on panel, 52 × 72 cm. Herzog-Anton-Ulrich Museum, Braunschweig. Photo: Herzog-Anton-Ulrich Museum, Braunschweig © De A Picture Library / Art Resource, ny.
    • 145. Rembrandt van Rijn, Bend in the Amstel near Kostverloren House, ca. 1650. Pen and brown ink and wash, white highlights on cartridge paper, 13.6 × 24.7 cm. © The Devonshire Collections, Chatsworth. Reproduced by Permission of Chatsworth Settlement Tru
    • 146. Rembrandt van Rijn, A Man sculling a Boat on the Bullewijk, with a View toward Ouderkerk, ca. 1650. Pen and ink with brown wash and white body color, 13.3 × 20 cm. © The Devonshire Collections, Chatsworth. Reproduced by Permission of Chatsworth Settl
    • 147. Rembrandt van Rijn, View of Diemen, ca. 1650. Pen and brown ink, color washes, 10.4 × 18.5 cm. Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam. Photo: Studio Tromp.
    • 148. Rembrandt van Rijn, View of Sloten, ca. 1650. Pen and brown ink with wash on paper, 9.6 × 18 cm. © The Devonshire Collections, Chatsworth. Reproduced by Permission of Chatsworth Settlement Trustees / Bridgeman Images.
    • 149. Rembrandt van Rijn, Houses on the Schinkelweg, ca. 1652. Brown ink on cream antique laid paper, prepared with grey wash, partial framing line in brown ink, 10 × 22.8 cm. Accession no. 1.2018.100. Maida and George Abrams Collection, Boston, ma, Long-T
    • 150. Rembrandt van Rijn, The Diemerdijk at Houtewael, ca. 1648-1649. Pen and brown ink, brown wash, white highlights (some washes in a later hand), 13.2 × 18.2 cm. Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam / Photo: Studio Tromp.
    • 151. Claes Jansz Visscher, View of Houtewael, ca. 1607-1608. Brown ink on cream antique laid paper, framing lines in brown ink, 14.3 × 18.6 cm. Accession no. 1.2018.304. Maida and George Abrams Collection, Boston, ma, Long-Term Loan. Photo: © President an
    • 152. Rembrandt van Rijn, Landscape with a Stone Bridge, ca. 1638. Pen and brown ink, brown wash, 13.3 × 21.9 cm. Musée du Louvre, Paris. Franck Raux © RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource.
    • 153. Rembrandt van Rijn, Cottage with White Paling among Trees, 1645. Quill and reed pen and brown ink, with brown wash and opaque white; later additions in greyish-mauve wash; framing line in brown ink, 17.1 × 25.5 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
    • 154. Rembrandt van Rijn, View of Haarlem with the Saxenburg Estate in the Foreground, ca. 1650-1651. Pen and brown ink, brown wash, heightened with wash, 8.9 × 15.2 cm. Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam. Loan: Stichting Museum Boijmans Van Beuninge
    • 155. Rembrandt van Rijn, View of Diemen, ca. 1650-1652. Pen and brown ink, and wash on paper, 8.8 × 15.5 cm. The Courtauld Gallery, London. Photo: The Courtauld Gallery, London / Bridgeman Images.
    • 156. Rembrandt van Rijn, The Banks of the Amstel River, Amsteldijk, near the Hamlet of Meerhuizen, with View towards Het Molentje, ca. 1648-1650. Pen and brush in brown, brown wash, white highlights (washes by a later hand), 14.6 × 26.9 cm. Musée du Louvr
    • 157. Rembrandt van Rijn, Landscape Sketch with Bend of the Amstel River at Kostverloren, verso of View of Banks of the Amstel River, Amsteldijk, near the Hamlet of Meerhuizen, with View towards Het Molentje, ca. 1649-1650. Black chalk, inscriptions, 14.6 
    • 158. Peter Paul Rubens, An Autumn Landscape with a View of Het Steen, ca. 1636. Oil on panel, 131.2 × 229.2 cm. National Gallery, London. Photo: National Gallery, London / Bridgeman Images.
    • 159. Anthony van Dyck, Landscape, ca. 1640. Pen and brown ink and watercolor, 18.9 × 36.4 cm. The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles. Digital image courtesy of the Getty’s Open Content Program.
    • 160. Guercino (Giovanni Francesco Barbieri), Landscape. Brown ink on white antique laid paper, 28 × 42.3 cm. Accession no. 1969.104. Harvard Art Museums / Fogg Museum, Bequest of Austin A. Mitchell. Photo: © President and Fellows of Harvard College.
    • 161. Hendrick Goltzius, Dune Landscape near Haarlem, 1603. Pen and brown ink, framing lines in brown ink, 9.1 × 15.4 cm. Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam. Loan: Stichting Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen (former Collection Koenigs) / Photo: Studio Bu
    • 162. Constantijn Daniël van Renesse (attributed to), Amstel Landscape with Bathers. Pen and brown ink, wash, heightened with white, 14.6 by 27.3 cm. bpk Bildagentur/ Kupferstichkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin / Jörg Anders / Art Resource, ny.
    • 163. Constantijn Daniël van Renesse (attributed to), Landscape with Two Cottages between Trees, ca. 1657-1658. Pen and brown ink, wash, 19.5 × 31 cm. bpk Bildagentur / Kupferstichkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin / Jörg Anders / Art Resource, ny.
    • 164. Pieter de With (attributed to), Landscape with Farm Buildings, ca. 1652. Pen and brown ink with brown wash, 11.6 × 20.4 cm. © The Devonshire Collections, Chatsworth. Reproduced by Permission of Chatsworth Settlement Trustees / Bridgeman Images.
    • 165. Pieter de With, Boathouse between Trees, 1652. Pen and brown ink, 9.2 × 17 cm. bpk Bildagentur / Kupferstichkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin / Jörg Anders / Art Resource, ny.
    • 166. Rembrandt van Rijn, Clump of Trees with a Vista, 1652. Drypoint, first state, 14.8 × 21.2 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
    • 167. Johannes Leupenius, View of Weeresteyn Manor on the Vecht. Brown ink on Asian paper, 11.4 × 18.5 cm. Accession no. 1.2018.100. The Maida and George Abrams Collection, Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, ma, Promised Gift. Photo: © Preside
    • 168. Rembrandt van Rijn, Man Writing or Drawing Next to a Window with View over the River IJ, 1650-1653. Pen with brown ink, brown and grey wash, heightened with white, on paper, 13.5 × 19.7 cm. © RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, ny.
    • 169. Rembrandt van Rijn, View of Schellingwou from the Diemerdijk over the IJ, shortly after 1651. Pen and brown ink, brown and grey wash, framing lines with pen and brown ink, 8.1 × 13.8 cm. Museum Boijmans van Beuningen, Rotterdam. Loan: Stichting Museu
    • 170. Rembrandt van Rijn, Landscape with a Farm Building and the House with the Tower, ca. 1650. Etching and drypoint, 12.2 × 32 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
    • 171. Rembrandt van Rijn, Landscape with the House with the Little Tower, ca. 1651, pen and brown ink, brush and tan wash. The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles. Digital image courtesy of the Getty’s Open Content Program.
    • 172. Rembrandt van Rijn, View of Bloemendaal with the Saxenburg Estate (The Goldweigher’s Field), 1651. Etching and drypoint, 12 × 31.9 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
    • 173. Ferdinand Bol, View in the Dunes near Haarlem, ca. 1651. Black chalk, brown and grey wash, 14.7 × 29.2 cm. Fondation Custodia, Collection Frits Lugt, Paris.
    • 174. Rembrandt van Rijn, Six’s Bridge, 1645. Etching, 12.9 × 22.4 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
    • 175. Raphael, Two Studies of Male Nudes, 1515. Red chalk and metalpoint with pen and ink inscription by Albrecht Dürer, 40.3 × 28.3 cm. Albertina, Vienna. Photo: © Purix Verlag Volker Christen / Bridgeman Images.
    • 176. Gerard ter Borch, The Introduction (An Officer Making his Bow to a Lady), ca. 1662. Oil on canvas, 76 × 68 cm. Polesden Lacey, UK. Photo: National Trust Photo Library / Art Resource, ny.
    • 177. Gerard ter Borch, Lady at her Toilette, ca. 1660. Oil on canvas, 76.2 × 59.7 cm. Detroit Institute of Arts. Photo: Detroit Institute of Arts, Founders Society Purchase, Eleanor Clay Ford Fund, General / Bridgeman Images.
    • 178. Gesina ter Borch, Gentleman Kneeling before a Lady, drawing from her poetry album, ca. 1655. Watercolor and pen and ink, 31.3 × 20.4 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
    • 179. Frans van Mieris, The Duet (Lady at the Harpsichord), 1658. Oil on panel, 31.6 × 24.9 cm. Staatliches Museum Schwerin. Photo: bpk Bildagentur / Staatliches Museum Schwerin / Elke Walford / Art Resource, ny.
    • 180. Johannes Vermeer, Girl with a Pearl Earring, ca. 1665. Oil on canvas, 44.5 × 39 cm. Mauritshuis, The Hague.
    • 181. Johannes Vermeer, Woman Reading a Letter by an Open Window, ca. 1657. Oil on canvas, 83 × 64.5 cm. Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Dresden. Photo: Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Dresden © Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden / Bridgeman Images.
    • 182. Gerard ter Borch, Woman Writing a Letter, ca. 1655. Oil on canvas, 38.3 × 27.9 cm. Mauritshuis, The Hague.
    • 183. Johannes Vermeer, A Young Woman Standing at a Virginal, ca. 1670-1672. Oil on canvas, 51.7 × 45.2 cm. National Gallery, London. Photo: National Gallery, London / Bridgeman Images.
    • 184. Gerard Houckgeest, Interior of the Oude Kerk in Delft, 1651. Oil on panel, 49 × 51 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
    • 185. Gerrit Dou, Man Smoking a Pipe, ca.1650. Oil on panel, 48 × 37 cm. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
    • 186. Johannes Vermeer, A Lady at the Virginal with a Gentleman (The Music Lesson), early 1660s. Oil on canvas, 74.1 × 64.6 cm. Royal Collection, London. Photo: Royal Collection Trust / © Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II 2020.
    • 187. Johannes Vermeer, A Lady at the Virginal with a Gentleman (The Music Lesson), early 1660s, detail. Oil on canvas, 74.1 × 64.6 cm. Royal Collection, London. Photo: Royal Collection Trust / © Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II 2020.
    • 188. Johannes Vermeer, The Procuress, 1656. Oil on canvas, 143 × 130 cm. Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Dresden. Photo: Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Dresden © Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden / Bridgeman Images.
    • 189. Titian, Violante (La Bella Gatta), 1515-1518. Oil on canvas, 64.5 × 50.8 cm. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. Photo: Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. Mondadori Portfolio / Electa / Remo Bardazzi / Bridgeman Images.
    • 190. Johannes Vermeer, The Art of Painting, ca. 1665-1666. Oil on canvas, 120 × 100 cm. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. Photo: Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna / Bridgeman Images.
    • 191. Johannes Vermeer, A Maid Asleep, ca. 1656-1657. Oil on canvas, 87.6 × 76.5 cm. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Photo: metmuseum.org.
    • 192. Johannes Vermeer, The Guitar Player, ca. 1670-1672. Oil on canvas, 53 × 46.3 cm. The Iveagh Bequest, Kenwood House, London. Photo: The Iveagh Bequest, Kenwood House, London © Historic England / Bridgeman Images.
    • 193. Johannes Vermeer, Young Woman Seated at a Virginal, ca. 1670-1672. Oil on canvas, 51.5 × 45.5 cm. National Gallery, London. Photo: National Gallery, London / Bridgeman Images.
    • 194. Dirck van Baburen, The Procuress, 1622. Oil on canvas, 101.6 × 107.6 cm. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, ma. Photo: Museum of Fine Arts, Boston / Theresa B. Hopkins Fund / Bridgeman Images.
    • 195. Otto van Veen, “A Lover Ought to Love Only One” (Perfectus amor non est nisi ad unum), from Otto van Veen, Amorum emblemata (Antwerp, 1608), p. 55. Engraving. Koninklijke Bibliotheek, The Hague. Photo: Koninklijke Bibliotheek.
    • 196. Johannes Vermeer, The Concert, ca. 1658-1660. Oil on canvas, 72.5 × 64.7 cm. Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Boston, ma (stolen). Photo: Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Boston / Bridgeman Images.
    • 197. Hendrick Goltzius, Danäe (The Sleeping Danäe Being Prepared to Receive Jupiter), 1603. Oil on canvas, 173.36 × 200.03 cm. Gift of the Ahmanson Foundation. Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Photo: lacma.org.
    • 198. Gerrit Dou, Woman Playing a Clavichord, ca. 1665. Oil on panel, 37.7 × 29.8 cm. Dulwich Picture Gallery, London. Photo: Dulwich Picture Gallery, London / Bridgeman Images.
    • 199. Frans van Mieris, Cavalier in a Draper Shop (The Cloth Shop), 1660. Oil on panel, 54.5 × 42.7 cm. Kunst­historisches Museum, Vienna. Photo: Erich Lessing / Art Resource, ny.
    • 200. Johannes Vermeer, Woman Holding a Balance, ca. 1664. Oil on canvas, 39.7 × 35.5 cm. National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Photo: Courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington.
    • 201. Johannes Vermeer, Allegory of the Catholic Faith, ca. 1670-1672. Oil on canvas, 114.3 × 88.9 cm. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Photo: metmuseum.org.
    • 202. Jacob de Backer, The Last Judgment, ca. 1583. Oil on canvas, 119 × 53 cm. Photo: Hampel Auctions.
    • 203. Johannes Vermeer, Woman Writing a Letter with her Maid, ca. 1670. Oil on canvas, 71.1 × 60.5 cm. National Gallery of Ireland, Dublin. Photo: National Gallery of Ireland HIP / Art Resource, ny.
    • 204. Jan Brueghel the Elder, Vase of Flowers with Jewel, Coins, and Shells, 1606. Oil on copper, 64 × 45 cm. Pinacoteca Ambrosiana, Milan. Photo: Pinacoteca Ambrosiana, Milan © Paolo Manusardi / Mondadori Portfolio / Bridgeman Images.
    • 205. Pieter de Hooch, Woman Weighing Coins, ca. 1664. Oil on canvas, 61 × 53 cm. Gemäldegalerie, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. Photo: Gemäldegalerie, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin / Artothek / Bridgeman Images.

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