In Calvinists and Indians in the Northeastern Woodlands, Stephen T. Staggs analyzes the impact of the Dutch Reformation upon the cross-cultural relations between those living in and around New Netherland. Staggs shows that Native Americans and New Netherlanders hunted, smoked, ate, and drank together, shared their faith while traveling in a canoe, and slept in each other’s bedrooms. Such details emerge in documents written by New Netherlanders like Megapolensis. Author of the most accurate account of the Kanien'kehá:ka (Mohawks) by a Dutch Reformed minister, Megapolensis provides a window into the influence and limits of the Dutch Reformation upon the dynamic, multifaceted relationships that developed in the early modern Northeastern Woodlands.
Megapolensis came of age when Dutch Reformed theologians looked to the Bible to incorporate Indians into a Reformed worldview. In so doing, they characterized Indians as “blind Gentiles” to whom the Dutch were being called, by God, to present the gospel through the preaching of the Bible and the Christian conduct of colonists, which necessitated social interaction. This characterization ultimately informed the instructions given to those heading to New Netherland, raised expectations among the clergy and lay chaplains who served in the colony, and prefigured the reciprocal, intimate relationships that developed between Indians and New Netherlanders during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
- Cover
- Table of Contents
- Acknowledgements
- Abbreviations
- Notes on Usage
- Introduction
- 1. “Gentiles by Nature,” 1566–1626
- 2. “So That the Fullness of the Gentiles Might Gradually Come In,” 1627–1642
- 3. “A Church and Community among the Christians and the Blind Gentiles,” 1642–1652
- 4. “We, with God’s Help, Hope to Bring the Barbarous Tribes to Devotion,” 1652–1660
- 5. “Who Gave Jacob for a Spoil and Israel to the Robbers?” 1660–1664
- 6. “A Gentile Woman, Karanondo, … Now Called Lidia,” 1664–1750
- Conclusion
- Appendix A
- Dutch References to Indians: 1609–1664
- Appendix B
- Indian Baptisms, Professions of Faith, and Marriages in the Dutch Reformed Churches of New York: 1690–1750
- List of Archival Sources
- Bibliography
- Index
- List of Figures
- Figures
- Fig. 1. Munsee Fishermen, Len F. Tantillo (2020).
- Fig. 2. The Northeastern Woodlands, ca. 1550 (Drawn by Jason Van Horn).
- Fig. 3. The Nederlanden (Low Countries), ca. 1588 (Drawn by Jason Van Horn).
- Fig. 4. The Half Moon at Newburgh Bay [September 1609], Len F. Tantillo (1998).
- Fig. 5. Title page of Belgische ofte Nederlantsche oorlogen ende gheschiedenissen beginnende van t’jaar 1595 tot 1611, Emanuel van Meteren (1609). Courtesy of the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
- Fig. 6. The Trading House [Fort Nassau], Len F. Tantillo (1995). The first recorded European structure in the State of New York, built in 1614.
- Fig. 7. Nieuw Nederland (Drawn by Jason Van Horn)35
- Fig. 8. Pap-scan-ee, Len F. Tantillo (2004). Mukkekunneuw (Mahican) summer encampment.
- Fig. 9. Title Page of the Deux-aesbijbel (1562). Courtesy of Bijbels Digitaal, Nederlands-Vlaams Bijbelgenootschap, Haarlem.
- Fig. 10. Portret van Antonius Walaeus, David Bailly (1584–1657). M.F. van Kersen-Halbertsma, R.E.O. Ekkart e.a., Icones Leidenses de portretverzameling van de Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden, Leiden 1973, no. 56.
- Fig. 11. Winter in the Valley of the Mohawk, Len F. Tantillo (1994). Kanien’kehà:ka hunters returning to their longhouses.
- Fig. 12. ‘t Fort nieuw Amsterdam op de Manhatans, Joost Hartgers (Amsterdam, 1651). The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Arts, Prints, and Photographs: Print Collection, The New York Public Library.
- Fig. 13. Nova Belgica et Anglia Nova, Willem Jansz. Blaeu (Amsterdam, 1635). Reproduced courtesy of the Geography and Map Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
- Fig. 14. Preliminary version of the Gospel of Matthew from the Statenvertaling (1630). Nationaal Archief, Den Haag. Photography by Jan Zweerts.46
- Fig. 15. Fort Orange and the Patroon’s House, Len F. Tantillo (2009).
- Fig. 16. Title page of Een kort ontwerp vande Mahakvase Indianen, Johannes Megapolensis. Courtesy of the Universiteitsbibliotheek Gent, BIB.MEUL.002702.
- Fig. 17. Curiosity of the Magua, Len F. Tantillo (2006). Kanien’kehà:ka warriors approach Arent van Curler’s ship, 1650.
- Fig. 18. Detail of a pilaarbijter from Nederlandse Spreekworden (The Netherlandish Proverbs), Pieter Bruegel (I) (1559), oil on oak panel, H: 117 x W: 163 cm. Gemäldegalerie, Staatliche Museen, Berlin, Germany. Inv. 1720. Photography by Jörg P. Anders, bp
- Fig. 19. “Gelijkenis van de splinter en de balk” (“Proverb of the Splinter and the Beam”), Hans Collaert (I), after Ambrosius Francken (I) (1585). Courtesy of the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
- Fig. 20. Fort Amsterdam, Len F. Tantillo (2006). Arent van Curler’s bark passes Fort Amsterdam, Manhattan, 1650.
- Fig. 21. Visitors at Dusk, Len F. Tantillo (2001). Two Muhhekunneuw traders approach a Dutch farm along the Muhheakantuck in 1635.
- Fig. 22. Two European colonists paddle a dugout canoe toward the shores of Manhattan from the engraving t’ Fort Nieuw Amsterdam op de Manhattans, published in Beschryvinghe van Virginia, Nieuw Nederlandt, Nieuw Engelandt … (Amsterdam: Joost Hartgers, 1651
- Fig. 23. De grote zaal op het Binnenhof, Den Haag, tijdens de grote vergadering der Staten-Generaal in 1651 (The Great Hall in the Binnenhof, The Hague, during the Great Assembly of the States-General in 1651), Bartholomeus van Bassen, ca. 1651. Courtesy
- Fig. 24. Kaaterskill Ketch, Len F. Tantillo (2008). A Dutch ketch at the mouth of the Katskil.
- Fig. 25. Hudson River Nocturne, Len F. Tantillo (2016). A Dutch ferry at a lower Noord Rivier landing, ca. 1650.
- Fig. 26. The Beer Wagon, Len F. Tantillo (2009). A Dutch brewer transports a keg of beer on a stretch of road near Beverwijck, ca. 1650.
- Fig. 27. Title page of Beschryvinge van Nieuw-Nederland, Adriaen van der Donck (1655). KB, Nationale Bibliotheek, Den Haag. KW 343 J2.
- Fig. 28. Hanover Square, Len F. Tantillo (2007). A view from William Street, overlooking Pearl Street, the Hellegat, and Breuckelen.
- Fig. 29. Redraft of the Castello Plan New Amsterdam in 1660, John Wolcott Adams and Isaac Newton Phelps Stokes (1916). Courtesy of the New-York Historical Society Library, New York.Note: North is to the right.
- Fig. 30. Caerte van de haven Pharnambocque met de stadt Mouritius en het dorp Reciffe (Map of the port of Pernambuco with Mauritsstad and the village of Recife), Johannes Vingboons (1665). Courtesy of the Nationaal Archief, Den Haag.
- Fig. 31. Manhattan, 1660, Len F. Tantillo (2007).
- Fig. 32. Nieuw Amsterdam ofte nue Nieuw Iorx opt ‘T.Eylant Man (New Amsterdam or now New York on the Island of Man) (ca. 1660). Courtesy of the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
- Fig. 33. ‘Pissen tegen de maan (Pissing at the Moon: the futility of human endeavour), Pieter Brueghel (II) (1616–1638). Courtesy of the Nederlands Instituut voor Kuntsgeschiedenis, Den Haag.17
- Fig. 34. Schenectady Town, Len F. Tantillo (2005). A View of Schenectady from Koehoornkil (Cowhorn Creek), ca. 1690.
- Fig. 35–36. Etowaucum (baptized Nicholas). Named Etow Oh Koam, King of the River Nation (Mahicans), Sagayenkwaraton (baptized Brant). Named Sa Ga Yeath Qua Pieth Tow, King of the Maquas (Mohawks)
- Fig. 37–38. Onigoheriago (baptized John). Named Ho Nee Yeath Taw No Row, King of the Generethgarich, and Tejonihokarawa (baptized Hendrick). Named Tee Yee Ho Ga Row, Emperor of the Six Nations (Iroquois)
- Fig. 39–40. Portret van Johannes Noordbeeck (1737), Philippus Endlich. Portret van Leonard Beels (1743), Philippus Endlich.Courtesy of the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
- Fig. 41. Van Bergen Overmantel, ca. 1733, attributed to John Heaten, oil on cherry wood boards, H: 16.25 x W: 88.75 in. Fenimore Art Museum, Cooperstown, New York, Museum Purchase. N0366. 1954. Photography by Richard Walker.
- Fig. 42. De doop van de kamerling, Abraham Bloemaert (1620–1625). Collectie Centraal Museum, Utrecht. Rijksdienst Cultureel Erfgoed Loan. Inv. nr. 11225. 1954. Photography by Ernst Moritz.
- Fig. 43. Philip Baptizing the Ethiopian Eunuch, Unidentified limner (ca. 1742). Image Courtesy of the Albany Institute of History & Art.
- Graphs
- Graph 4.1. Dutch References to Indians: 1609–1624
- Graph 4.2. Dutch References to Indians: 1624–1640
- Graph 4.3. Dutch References to Indians: 1640–1652
- Graph 4.4 Dutch References to Indians: 1652–1664
- Graph 5.1. Number of Indian Baptisms Per Year in the Dutch Reformed Churches of New York: 1690–1725
- Graph 5.2. Age of Indians Baptized in the Dutch Reformed Churches of New York: 1690–1725
- Graph 5.3. Number of Indian Baptisms Per Year in the Dutch Reformed Churches of New York: 1725–1750
- Tables
- Table A.1 Dutch References to Indians: 1609–1624
- Table A.2 Dutch References to Indians: 1624–1640
- Table A.3 Dutch References to Indians: 1640–1652
- Table A.4 Dutch References to Indians: 1652–1664
- Table B.1 Indian Baptisms and Professions of Faith in the Dutch Reformed Churches of New York: 1690–1750
- Table B.2 Indian Marriages in the Dutch Reformed Churches of New York: 1690–1750
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