The U.S. Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program was established with the goal of destroying the nation's stockpile of lethal unitary chemical weapons. Since 1990 the U.S. Army has been testing a baseline incineration technology on Johnston Island in the southern Pacific Ocean. Under the planned disposal program, this baseline technology will be imported in the mid to late 1990s to continental United States disposal facilities; construction will include eight stockpile storage sites.
In early 1992 the Committee on Alternative Chemical Demilitarization Technologies was formed by the National Research Council to investigate potential alternatives to the baseline technology. This book, the result of its investigation, addresses the use of alternative destruction technologies to replace, partly or wholly, or to be used in addition to the baseline technology. The book considers principal technologies that might be applied to the disposal program, strategies that might be used to manage the stockpile, and combinations of technologies that might be employed.
- Cover
- Front Matter
- Executive Summary
- REQUIREMENTS AND CONSIDERATIONS
- CHARACTERISTICS OF ALTERNATIVE DESTRUCTION TECHNOLOGIES
- Low-Temperature, Low-Pressure, Liquid-Phase Detoxification
- Low-Temperature, Low-Pressure, Liquid-Phase Oxidation
- Moderate-Temperature, High-Pressure Oxidation
- High-Temperature, Low-Pressure Oxidation
- Gas Effluents
- Treated Metal Parts and Containers
- STRATEGIES AND SYSTEM IMPLICATIONS FOR DEMILITARIZATION
- GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
- THE U.S. CHEMICAL STOCKPILE DISPOSAL PROGRAM
- RISK AND COMMUNITY CONCERNS
- ALTERNATIVE DEMILITARIZATION SYSTEMS
- PRIMARY GOALS AND STRATEGIES FOR DEMILITARIZATION
- SCOPE AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY
- DESCRIPTION OF THE AGENTS
- Toxicity of the Agents
- DESCRIPTION OF THE MUNITIONS
- GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE STOCKPILE
- SUMMARY
- U.S. CHEMICAL DEMILITARIZATION EXPERIENCE
- CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENT DESTRUCTION IN OTHER COUNTRIES
- SUMMARY
- 4 Requirements and Considerations for Chemical Demilitarization Technologies
- CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF AGENTS AND THEIR BREAKDOWN PRODUCTS
- WASTE STREAMS IN CHEMICAL WEAPONS DESTRUCTION
- PROCESSING RATES
- Liquid Wastes
- Solid Wastes
- GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS IN ASSESSING UNTESTED ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES
- Decontamination Standards
- Chlorinated Dioxins
- MONITORING
- EFFLUENT RETENTION TIME REQUIREMENTS
- TIME REQUIRED FOR TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION
- TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION COSTS
- ASSESSMENT CRITERIA FOR ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES
- 5 Thermal Treatment and Preprocessing and Postprocessing Operations
- Cryoprocessing
- Mechanical Disassembly of Explosives, Propellants, and Solidified Agent
- THERMAL TREATMENT
- Solid Wastes
- Water Recycle
- Reduction of Waste Gas Volume
- Waste Gas Storage Requirement
- Storage and Retention Technologies
- Activated-Carbon (Charcoal) Adsorption Systems
- 6 Low-Temperature, Liquid-Phase Processes
- CHEMICAL DETOXIFICATION PROCESSES
- GB (Sarin)
- VX
- H (Mustard)
- Reduction Methods Conceivably Applicable to GB, VX, and H
- DETOXIFICATION WITH IONIZING RADIATION
- Chemical Oxidation
- Electrochemical Oxidation
- Oxidizing Agents Plus UV Light
- Introduction and Overview
- Direct Destruction of GB and VX
- BIODEGRADATION OF REACTION PRODUCTS FROM THE CHEMICAL PROCESSING OF GB AND VX
- Engineering Prospects
- Summary of the Potential Application of Biological Processes
- 7 Processes at Medium and High Temperatures
- Wet Air Oxidation
- Supercritical Water Oxidation
- Molten Metal Pyrolysis
- Plasma Arc Processes
- Gasification Processes
- Synthetica Detoxifier
- Catalytic Fluidized-Bed Oxidation
- Molten Salt Oxidation
- Catalytic Oxidation
- Hydrogenation Processes
- The Adams Process-Reaction with Sulfur
- DESTRUCTION TECHNOLOGIES
- Low-Temperature, Low-Pressure, Liquid-Phase Detoxification
- Moderate-Temperature, High-Pressure Oxidation
- High-Temperature, Low-Pressure Pyrolysis
- High-Temperature, Low-Pressure Oxidation
- Solid Waste
- Gas Waste Streams
- Program Goals
- Strategies for Disposal
- System Considerations
- GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
- A Statement of Task
- B Letter from James R. Ambrose, Dated October 21, 1987
- C Letter from Charles Baronian, Dated August 7, 1992
- 2. Discussion
- 3. Assumptions
- 4. Schedule
- 5. Cost Discussion
- 5. Program Costs
- 5. Summary
- CASE 1 IMPLEMENT AN ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGY
- CASE 2 PROCEED WITH BASELINE TECHNOLOGY AFTER DELAY FOR ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGY REVIEW
- D Biographical Sketches
- E Technology Developers That Supplied Information
- F Committee Meetings and Activities
- GUEST SPEAKERS
- OBSERVERS
- INVITED OBSERVERS WHO WERE UNABLE TO ATTEND
- G Technology Status Worksheet
- H Excerpt from the U.S. Army's 5X Decontamination Review
- ENCLOSURE 1: REFERENCE LIST
- APPLICATIONS TO CHEMICAL WEAPONS DESTRUCTION
- ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
- DEVELOPMENT NEEDS
- TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION
- STATUS AND DATABASE
- APPLICATION TO CHEMICAL WEAPONS DESTRUCTION
- SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
- DEVELOPMENT NEEDS
- WET AIR OXIDATION
- Process Material Balance
- Heat and Material Balances
- References and Bibliography
- Index
Text
Audio
Adobe DRM
Login to your account