In Hungary, which fell under Soviet influence at the end of World War II, those who had participated in the wartime atrocities were tried by so called people’s courts. This book analyses this process in an objective, quantitative way, contributing to the present timely discussion on the Hungarian war guilt. The authors apply a special focus on the gender aspect of the trials.
Political justice had a specific nature in Hungary. War criminals began to be brought to trial while fighting was still underway in the western part of the country, well before the Nuremberg trials. Not only crimes committed during the war were tried in the same frame but also post-war ones. As far as the post-war period is concerned, legal proceedings regarding these crimes were most often launched on the basis of Act VII of 1946. This act of law concerned “the criminal law protection of the democratic constitutional order and the republic” and its basic aim was to facilitate the creation of a communist dictatorship and to deal with perceived or real enemies of the regime.
- Cover
- Title page
- Copyright page
- Contents
- List of Figures
- Foreword
- Political Justice in Europe: The State of Research
- Legal Background to the People’s Tribunals and Their Operation in Hungary
- The System of People’s Tribunals and the Actors in the Process
- The Crimes and the Range of Punishments
- Controversies Surrounding the Law on People’s Tribunals
- Research Methodology
- Method of Approach
- Preparation Phase
- Pilot research
- Expert roundtable
- Training of the Encoders
- The Final Questionnaire
- Research Phase
- Sampling procedure
- From filling in the questionnaires to the data files
- Preparing the data files for analysis
- Several Notes on the Methodology and the Findings
- Analysis of the People’s Tribunal Cases
- Types of Cases
- Distribution of the types of cases over time
- Characteristics of the Case Files
- Analysis of the Various Actors in the People’s Tribunals
- Defendants
- Gender Ratios
- Age distribution
- Place of birth
- Level of education
- Social status
- Membership in the Arrow Cross
- Witnesses
- Gender ratios
- Age distribution
- Place of birth
- Social status
- Summary of the Demographics of Defendants and Witnesses in the Various Types of Cases
- Characteristics of the People’s Tribunal Cases
- The length of trials and the number of hearings
- The role of witnesses at the people’s tribunals
- Judgments
- Effect of the composition of witnesses on judgments
- A Gendered Analysis of Political Justice in Hungary in the Aftermath of World War II
- Women in Political Justice: Stereotypes and Reality about Women Perpetrators
- Witnesses
- Court Judgments
- Women People’s Judges
- Summary: Gender in Political Justice
- Jewish Identity and the People’s Tribunals
- Characteristics of the People’s Tribunal Cases
- Defendants and Their Characteristics
- Witnesses and Their Characteristics
- Court Judgments
- Jewish Identity and the Practice of Political Justice
- Summary
- Bibliography
- Index
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